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Role of micronutrients during fungal infections
Trace metals serve as structural and catalytic cofactors for numerous proteins and thus are crucial for all living organisms. Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth’s crust and the most abundant metal in humans. The presence of redox active iron in living systems is critical for oxygen transport, energy production, DNA repair and replication, gene expression, and transcription. Zinc, the twenty fifth most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, is the second most abundant transition metal in vertebrates. Zinc is a redox inactive trace metal and its availability in organisms is indispensable for the function of more than 300 enzymes, DNA stabilization and synthesis, gene expression, protein synthesis, and immunity. Essential trace metals are required at various concentrations depending on the organism and the cellular function. The disturbance of optimal metals level is extremely harmful for cells, thus metal concentrations are tightly controlled within organisms. Correspondingly, the availability of metals is recognized as the central factor in infections. The host is able to both limit and overload iron and zinc levels in order to inhibit microbial growth in a process known as nutritional immunity. Depending on the pathogen species and their location within the organism, the host regulates metal levels from extreme deficiency in the blood to overload in phagosomes. In return, pathogens have evolved to counteract host mediated metal fluctuations. Under metal starvation pathogens rely on plasma membrane metal importers, chelators production, and host metalloproteins utilization. In response to metal toxicity pathogenic microorganisms make the use of plasma membrane metals exporters and intracellular detoxification systems. Candida albicans is a fungus that co-exists as a harmless commensal in humans, however, when the immune system is compromised or host’s barriers are damaged, C. albicans is able to cause superficial to severe systemic infections. During commensalism and infection, the fungus ...
Role of micronutrients during fungal infections
Trace metals serve as structural and catalytic cofactors for numerous proteins and thus are crucial for all living organisms. Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth’s crust and the most abundant metal in humans. The presence of redox active iron in living systems is critical for oxygen transport, energy production, DNA repair and replication, gene expression, and transcription. Zinc, the twenty fifth most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, is the second most abundant transition metal in vertebrates. Zinc is a redox inactive trace metal and its availability in organisms is indispensable for the function of more than 300 enzymes, DNA stabilization and synthesis, gene expression, protein synthesis, and immunity. Essential trace metals are required at various concentrations depending on the organism and the cellular function. The disturbance of optimal metals level is extremely harmful for cells, thus metal concentrations are tightly controlled within organisms. Correspondingly, the availability of metals is recognized as the central factor in infections. The host is able to both limit and overload iron and zinc levels in order to inhibit microbial growth in a process known as nutritional immunity. Depending on the pathogen species and their location within the organism, the host regulates metal levels from extreme deficiency in the blood to overload in phagosomes. In return, pathogens have evolved to counteract host mediated metal fluctuations. Under metal starvation pathogens rely on plasma membrane metal importers, chelators production, and host metalloproteins utilization. In response to metal toxicity pathogenic microorganisms make the use of plasma membrane metals exporters and intracellular detoxification systems. Candida albicans is a fungus that co-exists as a harmless commensal in humans, however, when the immune system is compromised or host’s barriers are damaged, C. albicans is able to cause superficial to severe systemic infections. During commensalism and infection, the fungus ...
Role of micronutrients during fungal infections
Skrahina, Volha (Autor:in) / Kipp, Anna / Kothe, Erika / Brakhage, Axel. A.
01.01.2018
Hochschulschrift
Elektronische Ressource
Englisch
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