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Total oxidizable precursors assay for PFAS in human serum
Graphical abstract Display Omitted
Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of chemicals including over 4700 substances. As a limited number of PFAS is routinely analyzed in human serum, complementary analytical methods are required to characterize the overlooked fraction. A promising tool is the total oxidizable precursors (TOP) assay to look for precursors by oxidation to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA). The TOP assay was originally developed for large volumes of water and had to be adapted for 250 μL of human serum. Optimization of the method was performed on serum samples spiked with model precursors. Oxidative conditions similar to previous TOP assay methods were not sufficient for complete oxidation of model precursors. Prolonged heating time (24 h) and higher oxidant amount (95 mg of Na2S2O8 per 225 μL of serum) were needed for complete conversion of the model precursors and accomplishing PFAA yields of 35–100 %. As some precursors are not fully converted to PFAA, the TOP assay can only provide semi-quantitative estimates of oxidizable precursors in human serum. However, the TOP assay can be used to give indications about the identity of unknown precursors by evaluating the oxidation products, including perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSA) and perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (PFECA). The optimized TOP assay for human serum opens the possibility for high-throughput screening of human serum for undetected PFAA precursors.
Total oxidizable precursors assay for PFAS in human serum
Graphical abstract Display Omitted
Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of chemicals including over 4700 substances. As a limited number of PFAS is routinely analyzed in human serum, complementary analytical methods are required to characterize the overlooked fraction. A promising tool is the total oxidizable precursors (TOP) assay to look for precursors by oxidation to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA). The TOP assay was originally developed for large volumes of water and had to be adapted for 250 μL of human serum. Optimization of the method was performed on serum samples spiked with model precursors. Oxidative conditions similar to previous TOP assay methods were not sufficient for complete oxidation of model precursors. Prolonged heating time (24 h) and higher oxidant amount (95 mg of Na2S2O8 per 225 μL of serum) were needed for complete conversion of the model precursors and accomplishing PFAA yields of 35–100 %. As some precursors are not fully converted to PFAA, the TOP assay can only provide semi-quantitative estimates of oxidizable precursors in human serum. However, the TOP assay can be used to give indications about the identity of unknown precursors by evaluating the oxidation products, including perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSA) and perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (PFECA). The optimized TOP assay for human serum opens the possibility for high-throughput screening of human serum for undetected PFAA precursors.
Total oxidizable precursors assay for PFAS in human serum
Cioni, Lara (Autor:in) / Nikiforov, Vladimir (Autor:in) / Coêlho, Ana Carolina M.F. (Autor:in) / Sandanger, Torkjel M. (Autor:in) / Herzke, Dorte (Autor:in)
21.11.2022
Aufsatz (Zeitschrift)
Elektronische Ressource
Englisch
TOP assay , PFAS , Precursors , Human exposure , Method development , AMAP , Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme , FOSA , Perfluorooctane sulfonamide , FTCA , Fluorotelomer carboxylic acid , FTOH , Fluorotelomer alcohol , FTS , Fluorotelomer sulfonate , FTUCA , Fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid , HCl , Hydrochloric acid , ISTD , Internal standard , K<inf>2</inf>S<inf>2</inf>O<inf>8</inf> , Potassium persulfate , LOD , Limit of detection , LOQ , Limit of quantification , MeOH , Methanol , MTBE , Tert-butyl methyl ether , Na<inf>2</inf>S<inf>2</inf>O<inf>8</inf> , Sodium persulfate , NaOH , Sodium hydroxide , NH<inf>4</inf>OAc , Ammonium acetate , Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances , PFCA , Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids , PFECA , Perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids , PFSA , Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids , PFAA , Perfluoroalkyl acids , RSTD , Recovery standard , TOP , Total Oxidizable Precursors
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