Financing urban development, three business models: Johannesburg, Shanghai and London: Fid-Bau Portal

Financing urban development, three business models: Johannesburg, Shanghai and London

Robinson, Jennifer / Harrison, Philip / Shen, Jie / Wu, Fulong

Highlights • The paper compares three large-scale urban developments: Lingang, Shanghai, Corridors of Freedom, Johannesburg, and Old Oak Park Royal, London. • The comparative analysis assesses the different business models - institutional arrangements, sources of financing - enabling each development. • All were cross-jurisdictional and long-term projects, requiring institutional innovation and assembling of an array of transcalar actors. • The three projects deliver on metro-wide strategic goals and depended on realizing financial value through the development itself to cover costs. • The different business models had different outcomes, shaped by distinctive regulatory pathways, enabling comparison of diverse urban contexts.

Abstract There has been growing interest in the expansion of global investment in urban areas, and the financialisation of urban development, both of which bring new business logics into the production of the built environment and shape urban outcomes. At the same time, mega urban projects have continued and spread as a significant format of urban expansion and renewal, often strongly linked to transnational investors and developers. Nonetheless, the distinctive regulatory and political contexts within which transnational actors must bring such projects to fruition matter greatly to outcomes, with territorialised governance arrangements both shaping and being shaped by transnational dynamics. However, there has been little systematic comparative consideration of these diverse regulatory contexts in their own right, rather than as contributors to wider circulating processes such as neoliberalisation. As a result, the implications of different regulatory regimes for urban outcomes have not been effectively assessed. In this paper we therefore broaden the discussion from globalised processes of “financialisation” to consider three large-scale urban development projects from the perspective of their distinctive “business models”, including their place in achieving wider strategic objectives at national and metropolitan scales, their agile and often bespoke institutional configurations, and their different forms of financing, taxation and land value capture. Our cases are Lingang, Shanghai (one of nine planned satellite cities), the Corridors of Freedom project in Johannesburg (a linear transport oriented development seeking to integrate the racially divided city), and Old Oak and Park Royal in north-west London (under a mayoral development corporation, associated with significant new metropolitan and national transport investments). We observe that the business models adopted, notably in relation to financial calculations and income streams associated with the developments, are a result of strongly path dependent formats of governance and income generation in each case. However we want to move beyond seeing these as residual, as contingent and contextual to wider accounts of urban development focussed on globalised financial flows and calculations. Using a comparative approach we initiate a systematic analytical conversation about the implications of different business models for the form and socio-economic potential of mega-urban development projects.