Eine Plattform für die Wissenschaft: Bauingenieurwesen, Architektur und Urbanistik
Eine Plattform für die Wissenschaft: Bauingenieurwesen, Architektur und Urbanistik
Gas- and particle-phase primary emissions from in-use, on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7908-8815
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2652-3363
Abstract Tailpipe emissions from sixty-four unique light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) spanning model years 1987–2012, two medium-duty diesel vehicles and three heavy-duty diesel vehicles with varying levels of aftertreatment were characterized at the California Air Resources Board Haagen-Smit and Heavy-Duty Engine Testing Laboratories. Each vehicle was tested on a chassis dynamometer using a constant volume sampler, commercial fuels and standard duty cycles. Measurements included regulated pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (THC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). Off-line analyses were performed to speciate gas- and particle-phase emissions. The data were used to investigate trends in emissions with vehicle age and to quantify the effects of different aftertreatment technologies on diesel vehicle emissions (e.g., with and without a diesel particulate filter). On average, newer LDGVs that met the most recent emissions standards had substantially lower emissions of regulated gaseous pollutants (CO, THC and NOx) than older vehicles. For example, THC emissions from the median LDGV that met the LEV2 standard was roughly a factor of 10 lower than the median pre-LEV vehicle; there were also substantial reductions in NOx (factor of ∼100) and CO (factor of ∼10) emissions from pre-LEV to LEV2 vehicles. However, reductions in LDGV PM mass emissions were much more modest. For example, PM emission from the median LEV2 vehicle was only a factor of three lower than the median pre-LEV vehicle, mainly due to the reductions in organic carbon emissions. In addition, LEV1 and LEV2 LDGVs had similar PM emissions. Catalyzed diesel particulate filters reduced CO, THC and PM emissions from HDDVs by one to two orders of magnitude. Comprehensive organic speciation was performed to quantify priority air toxic emissions and to estimate the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential. The data suggest that the SOA production from cold-start LDGVs exhaust will likely exceed primary PM emissions from LDGVs and could potentially exceed SOA formation from on-road diesel vehicles.
Highlights Gas- and particle-phase pollutants from gasoline and diesel vehicles were quantified and compared to emissions from small off road engines. Measurements were extended to gasoline vehicles from more recent model years and diesel vehicles with a range of aftertreatments and fuels. More stringent emission standards and aftertreatment devices substantially reduce the majority of primary pollutant emissions. Speciated emissions data indicate that secondary organic aerosol produced from gasoline vehicle exhaust may exceed primary PM emissions.
Gas- and particle-phase primary emissions from in-use, on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7908-8815
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2652-3363
Abstract Tailpipe emissions from sixty-four unique light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) spanning model years 1987–2012, two medium-duty diesel vehicles and three heavy-duty diesel vehicles with varying levels of aftertreatment were characterized at the California Air Resources Board Haagen-Smit and Heavy-Duty Engine Testing Laboratories. Each vehicle was tested on a chassis dynamometer using a constant volume sampler, commercial fuels and standard duty cycles. Measurements included regulated pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (THC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). Off-line analyses were performed to speciate gas- and particle-phase emissions. The data were used to investigate trends in emissions with vehicle age and to quantify the effects of different aftertreatment technologies on diesel vehicle emissions (e.g., with and without a diesel particulate filter). On average, newer LDGVs that met the most recent emissions standards had substantially lower emissions of regulated gaseous pollutants (CO, THC and NOx) than older vehicles. For example, THC emissions from the median LDGV that met the LEV2 standard was roughly a factor of 10 lower than the median pre-LEV vehicle; there were also substantial reductions in NOx (factor of ∼100) and CO (factor of ∼10) emissions from pre-LEV to LEV2 vehicles. However, reductions in LDGV PM mass emissions were much more modest. For example, PM emission from the median LEV2 vehicle was only a factor of three lower than the median pre-LEV vehicle, mainly due to the reductions in organic carbon emissions. In addition, LEV1 and LEV2 LDGVs had similar PM emissions. Catalyzed diesel particulate filters reduced CO, THC and PM emissions from HDDVs by one to two orders of magnitude. Comprehensive organic speciation was performed to quantify priority air toxic emissions and to estimate the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential. The data suggest that the SOA production from cold-start LDGVs exhaust will likely exceed primary PM emissions from LDGVs and could potentially exceed SOA formation from on-road diesel vehicles.
Highlights Gas- and particle-phase pollutants from gasoline and diesel vehicles were quantified and compared to emissions from small off road engines. Measurements were extended to gasoline vehicles from more recent model years and diesel vehicles with a range of aftertreatments and fuels. More stringent emission standards and aftertreatment devices substantially reduce the majority of primary pollutant emissions. Speciated emissions data indicate that secondary organic aerosol produced from gasoline vehicle exhaust may exceed primary PM emissions.
Gas- and particle-phase primary emissions from in-use, on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7908-8815
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2652-3363
Abstract Tailpipe emissions from sixty-four unique light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) spanning model years 1987–2012, two medium-duty diesel vehicles and three heavy-duty diesel vehicles with varying levels of aftertreatment were characterized at the California Air Resources Board Haagen-Smit and Heavy-Duty Engine Testing Laboratories. Each vehicle was tested on a chassis dynamometer using a constant volume sampler, commercial fuels and standard duty cycles. Measurements included regulated pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (THC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). Off-line analyses were performed to speciate gas- and particle-phase emissions. The data were used to investigate trends in emissions with vehicle age and to quantify the effects of different aftertreatment technologies on diesel vehicle emissions (e.g., with and without a diesel particulate filter). On average, newer LDGVs that met the most recent emissions standards had substantially lower emissions of regulated gaseous pollutants (CO, THC and NOx) than older vehicles. For example, THC emissions from the median LDGV that met the LEV2 standard was roughly a factor of 10 lower than the median pre-LEV vehicle; there were also substantial reductions in NOx (factor of ∼100) and CO (factor of ∼10) emissions from pre-LEV to LEV2 vehicles. However, reductions in LDGV PM mass emissions were much more modest. For example, PM emission from the median LEV2 vehicle was only a factor of three lower than the median pre-LEV vehicle, mainly due to the reductions in organic carbon emissions. In addition, LEV1 and LEV2 LDGVs had similar PM emissions. Catalyzed diesel particulate filters reduced CO, THC and PM emissions from HDDVs by one to two orders of magnitude. Comprehensive organic speciation was performed to quantify priority air toxic emissions and to estimate the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential. The data suggest that the SOA production from cold-start LDGVs exhaust will likely exceed primary PM emissions from LDGVs and could potentially exceed SOA formation from on-road diesel vehicles.
Highlights Gas- and particle-phase pollutants from gasoline and diesel vehicles were quantified and compared to emissions from small off road engines. Measurements were extended to gasoline vehicles from more recent model years and diesel vehicles with a range of aftertreatments and fuels. More stringent emission standards and aftertreatment devices substantially reduce the majority of primary pollutant emissions. Speciated emissions data indicate that secondary organic aerosol produced from gasoline vehicle exhaust may exceed primary PM emissions.
Gas- and particle-phase primary emissions from in-use, on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles
May, Andrew A. (Autor:in) / Nguyen, Ngoc T. (Autor:in) / Presto, Albert A. (Autor:in) / Gordon, Timothy D. (Autor:in) / Lipsky, Eric M. (Autor:in) / Karve, Mrunmayi (Autor:in) / Gutierrez, Alváro (Autor:in) / Robertson, William H. (Autor:in) / Zhang, Mang (Autor:in) / Brandow, Christopher (Autor:in)
Atmospheric Environment ; 88 ; 247-260
27.01.2014
14 pages
Aufsatz (Zeitschrift)
Elektronische Ressource
Englisch
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