Eine Plattform für die Wissenschaft: Bauingenieurwesen, Architektur und Urbanistik
Eine Plattform für die Wissenschaft: Bauingenieurwesen, Architektur und Urbanistik
Indoor air quality in residential buildings in Upper Silesia, Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2499-1764
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6906-1301
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1375-4405
Abstract This paper presents the results of measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), BTESX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, and xylenes), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤4 μm (PM4) during the winter season in the Upper Silesia region, Poland. The samples were collected simultaneously outside and inside residential buildings (flats and houses), including kitchens, living rooms, and bedrooms. Concentrations of CO2 were measured automatically, PM4, gravimetrically, while BTESX and NO2 were collected by passive methods and determined by gas chromatography (GC) and spectrophotometry, respectively. The highest CO2 concentrations were found in bedrooms (mean value 857 ± 217 ppm), pointing to a small volume of this type of room. Toluene had the highest concentration among studied volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with the max. values 135.46 and 77.11 μg/m3 in flats and houses, respectively. Elevated concentrations of BTESX indoors (63.7 ± 39.6, 57.0 ± 32.7 and 67.7 ± 48.4 μg/m3 in bedrooms, kitchens and living rooms, respectively) point to the significant role of renovation works in flats, particularly the use of Styrofoam, as well as poor ventilation of garages located in houses. Increased NO2 concentrations (20.5 ± 6.5, 24.9 ± 13.2 and 21.2 ± 10.9 μg/m3 in bedrooms, kitchens and living rooms, respectively) were observed with intensive use of gas cookers; however, no exceedances of the accepted levels were reported. Results indicate that occupants in studied buildings are particularly exposed to high PM4 levels from 26.1 to 314.9 μg/m3 associated with infiltration from outdoor air, which can be dangerous for their health.
Graphical abstract Display Omitted
Highlights Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) was assessed by monitoring CO2, BTESX, NO2, and PM4 levels. IAQ issues were more serious in houses than flats. The indoor levels of CO2 were significantly higher than the outdoor ones. Gas cooker and garage were major impact factors for benzene and NO2 indoors levels. The PM4 from outdoor air seemed to be the most hazardous to the occupants.
Indoor air quality in residential buildings in Upper Silesia, Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2499-1764
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6906-1301
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1375-4405
Abstract This paper presents the results of measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), BTESX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, and xylenes), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤4 μm (PM4) during the winter season in the Upper Silesia region, Poland. The samples were collected simultaneously outside and inside residential buildings (flats and houses), including kitchens, living rooms, and bedrooms. Concentrations of CO2 were measured automatically, PM4, gravimetrically, while BTESX and NO2 were collected by passive methods and determined by gas chromatography (GC) and spectrophotometry, respectively. The highest CO2 concentrations were found in bedrooms (mean value 857 ± 217 ppm), pointing to a small volume of this type of room. Toluene had the highest concentration among studied volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with the max. values 135.46 and 77.11 μg/m3 in flats and houses, respectively. Elevated concentrations of BTESX indoors (63.7 ± 39.6, 57.0 ± 32.7 and 67.7 ± 48.4 μg/m3 in bedrooms, kitchens and living rooms, respectively) point to the significant role of renovation works in flats, particularly the use of Styrofoam, as well as poor ventilation of garages located in houses. Increased NO2 concentrations (20.5 ± 6.5, 24.9 ± 13.2 and 21.2 ± 10.9 μg/m3 in bedrooms, kitchens and living rooms, respectively) were observed with intensive use of gas cookers; however, no exceedances of the accepted levels were reported. Results indicate that occupants in studied buildings are particularly exposed to high PM4 levels from 26.1 to 314.9 μg/m3 associated with infiltration from outdoor air, which can be dangerous for their health.
Graphical abstract Display Omitted
Highlights Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) was assessed by monitoring CO2, BTESX, NO2, and PM4 levels. IAQ issues were more serious in houses than flats. The indoor levels of CO2 were significantly higher than the outdoor ones. Gas cooker and garage were major impact factors for benzene and NO2 indoors levels. The PM4 from outdoor air seemed to be the most hazardous to the occupants.
Indoor air quality in residential buildings in Upper Silesia, Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2499-1764
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6906-1301
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1375-4405
Abstract This paper presents the results of measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), BTESX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, and xylenes), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤4 μm (PM4) during the winter season in the Upper Silesia region, Poland. The samples were collected simultaneously outside and inside residential buildings (flats and houses), including kitchens, living rooms, and bedrooms. Concentrations of CO2 were measured automatically, PM4, gravimetrically, while BTESX and NO2 were collected by passive methods and determined by gas chromatography (GC) and spectrophotometry, respectively. The highest CO2 concentrations were found in bedrooms (mean value 857 ± 217 ppm), pointing to a small volume of this type of room. Toluene had the highest concentration among studied volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with the max. values 135.46 and 77.11 μg/m3 in flats and houses, respectively. Elevated concentrations of BTESX indoors (63.7 ± 39.6, 57.0 ± 32.7 and 67.7 ± 48.4 μg/m3 in bedrooms, kitchens and living rooms, respectively) point to the significant role of renovation works in flats, particularly the use of Styrofoam, as well as poor ventilation of garages located in houses. Increased NO2 concentrations (20.5 ± 6.5, 24.9 ± 13.2 and 21.2 ± 10.9 μg/m3 in bedrooms, kitchens and living rooms, respectively) were observed with intensive use of gas cookers; however, no exceedances of the accepted levels were reported. Results indicate that occupants in studied buildings are particularly exposed to high PM4 levels from 26.1 to 314.9 μg/m3 associated with infiltration from outdoor air, which can be dangerous for their health.
Graphical abstract Display Omitted
Highlights Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) was assessed by monitoring CO2, BTESX, NO2, and PM4 levels. IAQ issues were more serious in houses than flats. The indoor levels of CO2 were significantly higher than the outdoor ones. Gas cooker and garage were major impact factors for benzene and NO2 indoors levels. The PM4 from outdoor air seemed to be the most hazardous to the occupants.
Indoor air quality in residential buildings in Upper Silesia, Poland
Kozielska, Barbara (Autor:in) / Mainka, Anna (Autor:in) / Żak, Magdalena (Autor:in) / Kaleta, Dorota (Autor:in) / Mucha, Walter (Autor:in)
Building and Environment ; 177
19.04.2020
Aufsatz (Zeitschrift)
Elektronische Ressource
Englisch
Gaseous pollutants , VOCs , PM<inf>4</inf> , IAQ , I/O ratio
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