Urban Biometeorology of Tropical Climate: Af, Am, Aw, a Propensity of 34 Provincial Cities in Indonesia: Fid-Bau Portal

Urban Biometeorology of Tropical Climate: Af, Am, Aw, a Propensity of 34 Provincial Cities in Indonesia

Paramita, Beta / Matzarakis, Andreas

Indonesia lies between 6° North Latitude and 11° South Latitude and 95° to 141° East Longitude. Located in the eastern hemisphere, this geographical location causes Indonesia to be included in the equatorial zone and has a tropical climate. Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world with 17,000 islands, 416 districts and 98 cities in 34 provinces. In general, there are three city characteristic that are in the coast (+0masl) have maximum temperatures above 33 ℃. In lowland areas (10–20 masl) the maximum air temperature recorded above 30 °C Meanwhile the cities located in the hills area (above 500 masl) which are not many in number, have the lowest maximum air temperature between 25 and 28 ℃. Based on Köppen-Geiger, climate of Indonesia is almost entirely tropical. Dominated by the tropical rainforest climate (Af); tropical monsoon (Am); and tropical savannah (Aw) that occurs on every Indonesian island. This article then reveals the perspective of biometeorology of 34 cities of provincial capital in Indonesia. Cities that represent the tropical rainforest climate such as Medan, Balikpapan, Padang, and Pontianak. Meanwhile Jakarta, Semarang, and Yogyakarta represent cities with tropical monsoon climate. Last, Denpasar and Surabaya represent cities with tropical savannah climate. The climate data is generated from 2009 to 2019 that provides a link between the microclimate elements and human activities that affected on human perception in their living space. The biometeorology perspective for each climate characteristic gives an understanding on meteorological vulnerability and physiological aspects in the city inhabitant, such as thermal stress.