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Automated on-line monitoring of haloacetic acid concentrations using ion chromatography with the nicotinamide post-column reaction
HAAs (haloacetic acids) are compounds for the chlorination disinfection of drinking water. Due to potential health hazards, HAA5 (five HAAs) are currently regulated by the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), i.e. MCAA (monochloroacetic acid), DCAA (dichloroacetic acid), TCAA (trichloroacetic acid), MBAA (monobromoacetic acid), and DBAA (dibromoacetic acid), which together with four unregulated HAA species sum up to HAA9 (nine HAAs). The current MCL (maximum contaminant level) for the sum total HAA5 concentration is 0.060 mg/l. The two methods for HAA) determination currently approved by the US EPA work well for online monitoring, however they become cumbersome when working at an hourly sample rate due to the requirement of intensive extraction and derivatisation. Therefore new methods are required based on the 'ideal analyser' that can be operated automatically, sample directly from the distribution system, and have MDLs (method detection limits) in the single microg/l range for HAA9. To include all HAA9 species, the recently developed PCR-IC (post column reaction-ion chromatography) method with separation of the HAA5 species followed by a reaction with NCA (nicotinamide) to a fluorescent product was extended. The expanded method enabled the monitoring of HAA9 species directly from a distribution system. The accuracy in mean % recovery ranged from 58 % for DBAA to 151 % for TBAA, the precision as % relative standard deviation from 3.5 % for BCAA to 32 % for TBAA, i.e. far from the 'idela analyser'. Two monitoring studies in real drinking water systems for up to six days showed the applicability. Research for improving the PCR-IC method is warranted since an automated method sampling every two hours is a significant improvement over other methods, although an improved method providing a one-hour analysis time or faster would be valuable for drinking water professionals.
Automated on-line monitoring of haloacetic acid concentrations using ion chromatography with the nicotinamide post-column reaction
HAAs (haloacetic acids) are compounds for the chlorination disinfection of drinking water. Due to potential health hazards, HAA5 (five HAAs) are currently regulated by the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), i.e. MCAA (monochloroacetic acid), DCAA (dichloroacetic acid), TCAA (trichloroacetic acid), MBAA (monobromoacetic acid), and DBAA (dibromoacetic acid), which together with four unregulated HAA species sum up to HAA9 (nine HAAs). The current MCL (maximum contaminant level) for the sum total HAA5 concentration is 0.060 mg/l. The two methods for HAA) determination currently approved by the US EPA work well for online monitoring, however they become cumbersome when working at an hourly sample rate due to the requirement of intensive extraction and derivatisation. Therefore new methods are required based on the 'ideal analyser' that can be operated automatically, sample directly from the distribution system, and have MDLs (method detection limits) in the single microg/l range for HAA9. To include all HAA9 species, the recently developed PCR-IC (post column reaction-ion chromatography) method with separation of the HAA5 species followed by a reaction with NCA (nicotinamide) to a fluorescent product was extended. The expanded method enabled the monitoring of HAA9 species directly from a distribution system. The accuracy in mean % recovery ranged from 58 % for DBAA to 151 % for TBAA, the precision as % relative standard deviation from 3.5 % for BCAA to 32 % for TBAA, i.e. far from the 'idela analyser'. Two monitoring studies in real drinking water systems for up to six days showed the applicability. Research for improving the PCR-IC method is warranted since an automated method sampling every two hours is a significant improvement over other methods, although an improved method providing a one-hour analysis time or faster would be valuable for drinking water professionals.
Automated on-line monitoring of haloacetic acid concentrations using ion chromatography with the nicotinamide post-column reaction
Simone, Paul jun. (Autor:in) / Brown, Michael A. (Autor:in) / Geme, Gija (Autor:in) / Thurston, Lucy J. (Autor:in) / Emmert, Gary L. (Autor:in)
2007
5 Seiten, 1 Tabelle, 9 Quellen
Aufsatz (Konferenz)
Datenträger
Englisch
Chloressigsäure , organische Säure , Trinkwasseraufbereitung , Desinfektionsmittel , Chlorzusatz , Wasserverschmutzung , USA (United States of America) , ausländische Vorschrift , Höchstwert , Umweltüberwachung , Online-Überwachung , Ionenchromatographie , Fluorimetrie , Schadstoffkonzentration , Wasseranalyse , automatisches Messverfahren , Probenahme
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