ROLE OF PLANT ENEMIES IN THE FORESTRY OF INDIGENOUS VS. NONINDIGENOUS PINES: Fid-Bau Portal

ROLE OF PLANT ENEMIES IN THE FORESTRY OF INDIGENOUS VS. NONINDIGENOUS PINES

Lombardero, María J. / Vázquez-Mejuto, Patricia / Ayres, Matthew P.

Plantations of rapidly growing trees are becoming increasingly common because the high productivity can enhance local economies, support improvements in educational systems, and generally improve the quality of life in rural communities. Landowners frequently choose to plant nonindigenous species; one rationalization has been that silvicultural productivity is enhanced when trees are separated from their native herbivores and pathogens. The expectation of enemy reduction in nonindigenous species has theoretical and empirical support from studies of the enemy release hypothesis (ERH) in the context of invasion ecology, but its relevance to forestry has not been evaluated. We evaluated ERH in the productive forests of Galicia, Spain, where there has been a profusion of pine plantations, some with the indigenousPinus pinaster,but increasingly with the nonindigenousP. radiata. Here, one of the most important pests of pines is the indigenous bark beetle,Tomicus piniperda. In support of ERH, attacks byT. piniperdawere more than twice as great in stands ofP. pinastercompared toP. radiata. This differential held across a range of tree ages and beetle abundance. However, this extension of ERH to forestry failed in the broader sense because beetle attacks, although fewer onP. radiata, reduced productivity ofP. radiatamore than that ofP. pinaster(probably because more photosynthetic tissue is lost per beetle attack inP. radiata). Productivity of the nonindigenous pine was further reduced by the pathogen,Sphaeropsis sapinea, which infected up to 28% ofP. radiatabut was absent inP. pinaster. This was consistent with the forestry axiom (antithetical to ERH) that trees planted “off‐site” are more susceptible to pathogens. Fungal infections were positively correlated with beetle attacks; apparentlyT. piniperdafacilitatesS. sapineainfections by creating wounds and by carrying fungal propagules. A globally important component in the diminution of indigenous flora has been the deliberate large‐scale propagation of nonnative trees for silviculture. At least forPinusforestry in Spain, reduced losses to pests did not rationalize the planting of nonindigenous trees. There would be value in further exploration of relations between invasion ecology and the forestry of nonindigenous trees.