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Stabilization of Urea for Recovery from Source-Separated Urine Using Electrochemically Synthesized Hydrogen Peroxide
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7524-5254
Separate urine collection and treatment is an attractive alternative to current centralized wastewater treatment strategies, but urea hydrolysis presents challenges for collection and storage of urine as well as nitrogen recovery. In this study, we provide proof-of-concept for a method to stabilize source-separated urine with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) synthesized electrochemically in situ on gas-diffusion electrodes. Samples of synthetic urine were stored following electrochemical treatment and monitored for changes in total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), H2O2, and pH. TAN formation from urea hydrolysis was significantly diminished in electrochemically treated samples relative to untreated samples, confirming the inactivation of the urease enzyme by electrochemically synthesized H2O2 in all experiments. We also evaluated the effects of current density and treatment time on stabilization. Higher current densities and longer treatment times resulted in lower concentrations of TAN after >30 days of storage at room temperature. Treated synthetic urine samples had higher pH as expected for the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction, but this had no observable effect on TAN concentrations. Adjustment to neutral pH following electrochemical treatment resulted in slower degradation of residual H2O2 within treated samples compared to alkaline samples. Direct urea measurements showed that as much as 79% of the initial urea was preserved after 140 days of storage at room temperature. These results confirm that using electrochemically synthesized H2O2 in situ is an effective method for stabilization of source-separated urine and present a basis for developing this process beyond bench-scale demonstration.
Stabilization of Urea for Recovery from Source-Separated Urine Using Electrochemically Synthesized Hydrogen Peroxide
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7524-5254
Separate urine collection and treatment is an attractive alternative to current centralized wastewater treatment strategies, but urea hydrolysis presents challenges for collection and storage of urine as well as nitrogen recovery. In this study, we provide proof-of-concept for a method to stabilize source-separated urine with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) synthesized electrochemically in situ on gas-diffusion electrodes. Samples of synthetic urine were stored following electrochemical treatment and monitored for changes in total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), H2O2, and pH. TAN formation from urea hydrolysis was significantly diminished in electrochemically treated samples relative to untreated samples, confirming the inactivation of the urease enzyme by electrochemically synthesized H2O2 in all experiments. We also evaluated the effects of current density and treatment time on stabilization. Higher current densities and longer treatment times resulted in lower concentrations of TAN after >30 days of storage at room temperature. Treated synthetic urine samples had higher pH as expected for the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction, but this had no observable effect on TAN concentrations. Adjustment to neutral pH following electrochemical treatment resulted in slower degradation of residual H2O2 within treated samples compared to alkaline samples. Direct urea measurements showed that as much as 79% of the initial urea was preserved after 140 days of storage at room temperature. These results confirm that using electrochemically synthesized H2O2 in situ is an effective method for stabilization of source-separated urine and present a basis for developing this process beyond bench-scale demonstration.
Stabilization of Urea for Recovery from Source-Separated Urine Using Electrochemically Synthesized Hydrogen Peroxide
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7524-5254
Separate urine collection and treatment is an attractive alternative to current centralized wastewater treatment strategies, but urea hydrolysis presents challenges for collection and storage of urine as well as nitrogen recovery. In this study, we provide proof-of-concept for a method to stabilize source-separated urine with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) synthesized electrochemically in situ on gas-diffusion electrodes. Samples of synthetic urine were stored following electrochemical treatment and monitored for changes in total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), H2O2, and pH. TAN formation from urea hydrolysis was significantly diminished in electrochemically treated samples relative to untreated samples, confirming the inactivation of the urease enzyme by electrochemically synthesized H2O2 in all experiments. We also evaluated the effects of current density and treatment time on stabilization. Higher current densities and longer treatment times resulted in lower concentrations of TAN after >30 days of storage at room temperature. Treated synthetic urine samples had higher pH as expected for the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction, but this had no observable effect on TAN concentrations. Adjustment to neutral pH following electrochemical treatment resulted in slower degradation of residual H2O2 within treated samples compared to alkaline samples. Direct urea measurements showed that as much as 79% of the initial urea was preserved after 140 days of storage at room temperature. These results confirm that using electrochemically synthesized H2O2 in situ is an effective method for stabilization of source-separated urine and present a basis for developing this process beyond bench-scale demonstration.
Stabilization of Urea for Recovery from Source-Separated Urine Using Electrochemically Synthesized Hydrogen Peroxide
Arve, Philip H. (author) / Popat, Sudeep C. (author)
ACS ES&T Engineering ; 1 ; 1642-1648
2021-12-10
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
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