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Sustainable Routes for Photo-Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia Using Various Nitrogen Precursors
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3638-8866
Solar-driven NH3 synthesis has been unexplored in the literature because of low NH3 Faradaic efficiencies and current densities resulting from the lack of a selective, active, and stable electrocatalyst. In this study, the thermodynamic limitations of solar-to-fuel efficiency for NH3 (STF-NH3) for the photoelectrochemical NH3 synthesis from the various nitrogen precursors such as N2, NO3 –, NO2 –, NO, NO2, N2O, and N2O4 are analyzed. The maximum theoretical STF-NH3 efficiency of 80% can be obtained by using N2 as the N source and by using H2 oxidation as the counter cell reaction in an ideal light absorber by carrying out the reaction adiabatically at the thermoneutral potential. A realistic STF-NH3 efficiency of 18.5% can be obtained by using the best solar cell in the market and an ideal electrochemical N2 reduction reaction at a load of 1.5 V. The effect of the number of junctions in the light absorber, exchange current density, and Tafel slope on the STF is investigated. The ratio of cost of NH3 to the cost of electricity required for electrochemical NH3 synthesis is studied, and it is found that the number of electrons involved to produce 1 mol of NH3 and the applied potential plays a major role in determining the economic feasibility of electrochemical NH3 synthesis. Given the current state of technologies, Li-mediated NH3 synthesis via renewable electricity is expected to be economically feasible in the future, providing the availability and efficient reactivation of Li for large-scale synthesis. The NO3 –-mediated NH3 synthesis is an achievable option when coupled with N2 oxidation, as this system can utilize NO3 – from wastewater in addition to N2 to make green ammonia.
Sustainable Routes for Photo-Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia Using Various Nitrogen Precursors
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3638-8866
Solar-driven NH3 synthesis has been unexplored in the literature because of low NH3 Faradaic efficiencies and current densities resulting from the lack of a selective, active, and stable electrocatalyst. In this study, the thermodynamic limitations of solar-to-fuel efficiency for NH3 (STF-NH3) for the photoelectrochemical NH3 synthesis from the various nitrogen precursors such as N2, NO3 –, NO2 –, NO, NO2, N2O, and N2O4 are analyzed. The maximum theoretical STF-NH3 efficiency of 80% can be obtained by using N2 as the N source and by using H2 oxidation as the counter cell reaction in an ideal light absorber by carrying out the reaction adiabatically at the thermoneutral potential. A realistic STF-NH3 efficiency of 18.5% can be obtained by using the best solar cell in the market and an ideal electrochemical N2 reduction reaction at a load of 1.5 V. The effect of the number of junctions in the light absorber, exchange current density, and Tafel slope on the STF is investigated. The ratio of cost of NH3 to the cost of electricity required for electrochemical NH3 synthesis is studied, and it is found that the number of electrons involved to produce 1 mol of NH3 and the applied potential plays a major role in determining the economic feasibility of electrochemical NH3 synthesis. Given the current state of technologies, Li-mediated NH3 synthesis via renewable electricity is expected to be economically feasible in the future, providing the availability and efficient reactivation of Li for large-scale synthesis. The NO3 –-mediated NH3 synthesis is an achievable option when coupled with N2 oxidation, as this system can utilize NO3 – from wastewater in addition to N2 to make green ammonia.
Sustainable Routes for Photo-Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia Using Various Nitrogen Precursors
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3638-8866
Solar-driven NH3 synthesis has been unexplored in the literature because of low NH3 Faradaic efficiencies and current densities resulting from the lack of a selective, active, and stable electrocatalyst. In this study, the thermodynamic limitations of solar-to-fuel efficiency for NH3 (STF-NH3) for the photoelectrochemical NH3 synthesis from the various nitrogen precursors such as N2, NO3 –, NO2 –, NO, NO2, N2O, and N2O4 are analyzed. The maximum theoretical STF-NH3 efficiency of 80% can be obtained by using N2 as the N source and by using H2 oxidation as the counter cell reaction in an ideal light absorber by carrying out the reaction adiabatically at the thermoneutral potential. A realistic STF-NH3 efficiency of 18.5% can be obtained by using the best solar cell in the market and an ideal electrochemical N2 reduction reaction at a load of 1.5 V. The effect of the number of junctions in the light absorber, exchange current density, and Tafel slope on the STF is investigated. The ratio of cost of NH3 to the cost of electricity required for electrochemical NH3 synthesis is studied, and it is found that the number of electrons involved to produce 1 mol of NH3 and the applied potential plays a major role in determining the economic feasibility of electrochemical NH3 synthesis. Given the current state of technologies, Li-mediated NH3 synthesis via renewable electricity is expected to be economically feasible in the future, providing the availability and efficient reactivation of Li for large-scale synthesis. The NO3 –-mediated NH3 synthesis is an achievable option when coupled with N2 oxidation, as this system can utilize NO3 – from wastewater in addition to N2 to make green ammonia.
Sustainable Routes for Photo-Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia Using Various Nitrogen Precursors
Kani, Nishithan C. (author) / Prajapati, Aditya (author) / Singh, Meenesh R. (author)
ACS ES&T Engineering ; 2 ; 1080-1087
2022-06-10
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
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