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Minimizing N‑Nitrosodimethylamine Formation During Disinfection of Blended Seawater and Wastewater Effluent
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5098-4699
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-9861
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5599-2540
Augmenting seawater with wastewater has the potential to reduce the energy demand and environmental impacts associated with seawater desalination. Alternatively, as wastewater reuse becomes more widespread, augmenting wastewater with seawater can increase the available water supply. However, the chemistry of disinfecting a blended stream has not been explored. Toxic byproducts, including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), are expected to form during disinfection, and the extent of formation will likely be a function of which stream is chlorinated and whether disinfection happens before or after blending. In this work, three blending-disinfection scenarios were modeled and experimentally evaluated in bench-scale systems treating synthetic and authentic waters. Modeling results suggested that chlorinating preblended wastewater and seawater would produce the most NDMA because it yielded the highest concentrations of bromochloramine, which was previously found to promote NDMA formation. However, chlorinating wastewater prior to blending with seawater, which modeling indicated would form the most dichloramine, produced the most NDMA in experiments. When seawater was disinfected prior to blending with wastewater, bromide likely converted most chlorine to free bromine. Bromamines formed after blending, however, did not lead to an elevated level of NDMA formation. Therefore, to minimize NDMA formation when disinfecting blended wastewater–seawater, seawater should be disinfected prior to introducing wastewater.
This study evaluated NDMA formation in three potential blending and disinfection scenarios for blended synthetic and authentic seawater and wastewater. Chlorinating seawater prior to blending with wastewater and limiting the wastewater contribution decreased NDMA formation.
Minimizing N‑Nitrosodimethylamine Formation During Disinfection of Blended Seawater and Wastewater Effluent
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5098-4699
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-9861
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5599-2540
Augmenting seawater with wastewater has the potential to reduce the energy demand and environmental impacts associated with seawater desalination. Alternatively, as wastewater reuse becomes more widespread, augmenting wastewater with seawater can increase the available water supply. However, the chemistry of disinfecting a blended stream has not been explored. Toxic byproducts, including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), are expected to form during disinfection, and the extent of formation will likely be a function of which stream is chlorinated and whether disinfection happens before or after blending. In this work, three blending-disinfection scenarios were modeled and experimentally evaluated in bench-scale systems treating synthetic and authentic waters. Modeling results suggested that chlorinating preblended wastewater and seawater would produce the most NDMA because it yielded the highest concentrations of bromochloramine, which was previously found to promote NDMA formation. However, chlorinating wastewater prior to blending with seawater, which modeling indicated would form the most dichloramine, produced the most NDMA in experiments. When seawater was disinfected prior to blending with wastewater, bromide likely converted most chlorine to free bromine. Bromamines formed after blending, however, did not lead to an elevated level of NDMA formation. Therefore, to minimize NDMA formation when disinfecting blended wastewater–seawater, seawater should be disinfected prior to introducing wastewater.
This study evaluated NDMA formation in three potential blending and disinfection scenarios for blended synthetic and authentic seawater and wastewater. Chlorinating seawater prior to blending with wastewater and limiting the wastewater contribution decreased NDMA formation.
Minimizing N‑Nitrosodimethylamine Formation During Disinfection of Blended Seawater and Wastewater Effluent
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5098-4699
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-9861
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5599-2540
Augmenting seawater with wastewater has the potential to reduce the energy demand and environmental impacts associated with seawater desalination. Alternatively, as wastewater reuse becomes more widespread, augmenting wastewater with seawater can increase the available water supply. However, the chemistry of disinfecting a blended stream has not been explored. Toxic byproducts, including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), are expected to form during disinfection, and the extent of formation will likely be a function of which stream is chlorinated and whether disinfection happens before or after blending. In this work, three blending-disinfection scenarios were modeled and experimentally evaluated in bench-scale systems treating synthetic and authentic waters. Modeling results suggested that chlorinating preblended wastewater and seawater would produce the most NDMA because it yielded the highest concentrations of bromochloramine, which was previously found to promote NDMA formation. However, chlorinating wastewater prior to blending with seawater, which modeling indicated would form the most dichloramine, produced the most NDMA in experiments. When seawater was disinfected prior to blending with wastewater, bromide likely converted most chlorine to free bromine. Bromamines formed after blending, however, did not lead to an elevated level of NDMA formation. Therefore, to minimize NDMA formation when disinfecting blended wastewater–seawater, seawater should be disinfected prior to introducing wastewater.
This study evaluated NDMA formation in three potential blending and disinfection scenarios for blended synthetic and authentic seawater and wastewater. Chlorinating seawater prior to blending with wastewater and limiting the wastewater contribution decreased NDMA formation.
Minimizing N‑Nitrosodimethylamine Formation During Disinfection of Blended Seawater and Wastewater Effluent
Plata, Sophia L. (author) / Childress, Amy E. (author) / McCurry, Daniel L. (author)
ACS ES&T Water ; 4 ; 1498-1507
2024-04-12
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
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