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Water-energy nexus in irrigated agriculture of Pakistan:hidden links within the water-energy nexus in irrigated agriculture provide options for more efficient resource management in Pakistan
Water, energy and food production systems are closely interlinked but often studied separately. This thesis takes that starting point and explores the missing knowledge gaps on links in the water-energy-food nexus in the Indus Basin of Pakistan. The thesis identified four key insights relevant to Pakistan (i) Irrigation supply chain losses matter as water footprint studies underestimated blue water consumption and water management studies overestimated blue water losses. In Pakistan, the total agricultural blue WF, i.e. the blue WF of crops and water consumption in the supply chain through water losses, is 1.6 times the blue crop WF. This means that water use efficiency can increase if attention is paid to losses (ii) Freshwater competition causes water efficiency to increase because available water is limited and needs to be allocated over the sectors and the environment. In the last fifty years, agriculture tripled production with the same water volumes, municipal and industrial sectors needed more. (iii) Inefficient water use is linked to inefficient energy use because lack of proper canal maintenance causes higher groundwater use and energy for pumping in Pakistan. Canal maintenance with better irrigation supply results in water, energy, and carbon savings (iv) Energy and carbon footprints of irrigation water for agriculture show large spatial and temporal differences. In Pakistan, ten hotspot districts contribute 42% of irrigation energy for four major crops. This knowledge is relevant to finding coping and remediation strategies to decrease water and energy consumption and decrease greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining agricultural production in Pakistan.
Water-energy nexus in irrigated agriculture of Pakistan:hidden links within the water-energy nexus in irrigated agriculture provide options for more efficient resource management in Pakistan
Water, energy and food production systems are closely interlinked but often studied separately. This thesis takes that starting point and explores the missing knowledge gaps on links in the water-energy-food nexus in the Indus Basin of Pakistan. The thesis identified four key insights relevant to Pakistan (i) Irrigation supply chain losses matter as water footprint studies underestimated blue water consumption and water management studies overestimated blue water losses. In Pakistan, the total agricultural blue WF, i.e. the blue WF of crops and water consumption in the supply chain through water losses, is 1.6 times the blue crop WF. This means that water use efficiency can increase if attention is paid to losses (ii) Freshwater competition causes water efficiency to increase because available water is limited and needs to be allocated over the sectors and the environment. In the last fifty years, agriculture tripled production with the same water volumes, municipal and industrial sectors needed more. (iii) Inefficient water use is linked to inefficient energy use because lack of proper canal maintenance causes higher groundwater use and energy for pumping in Pakistan. Canal maintenance with better irrigation supply results in water, energy, and carbon savings (iv) Energy and carbon footprints of irrigation water for agriculture show large spatial and temporal differences. In Pakistan, ten hotspot districts contribute 42% of irrigation energy for four major crops. This knowledge is relevant to finding coping and remediation strategies to decrease water and energy consumption and decrease greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining agricultural production in Pakistan.
Water-energy nexus in irrigated agriculture of Pakistan:hidden links within the water-energy nexus in irrigated agriculture provide options for more efficient resource management in Pakistan
Siyal, Abdul Wahab (author)
2022-01-01
Siyal , A W 2022 , ' Water-energy nexus in irrigated agriculture of Pakistan : hidden links within the water-energy nexus in irrigated agriculture provide options for more efficient resource management in Pakistan ' , Doctor of Philosophy , University of Groningen , [Groningen] .
Theses
Electronic Resource
English
DDC:
690
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