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The distribution and re-distribution of income of self-employed as freelancers and entrepreneurs in Europe
The economic transformations of modern industrial societies have changed the labor markets in terms of industrial relations and occupational structure. The transformation of the traditional welfare state, the deregulation of the labor markets, the technological change and the reorganization of industrial structures influenced strongly the attitude of individuals towards their preferred labor contract. The structural change of the occupational structure was one of the results of this tendency. In particular the self-employed and freelancers have been affected and are a driving factor of labor market changings. On the one side the value of autonomy regarding industrial relations is becoming more important for employees. On the other side employers want to get rid of social security contributions. As a result the multitudinousness of these professions increased. The increasing varieties of occupations among the self-employed and freelancers influenced strongly their income distribution. Recent studies for Germany have shown a great dispersion and a heterogeneous structure of earnings in particular of freelancers (liberal professions) and self-employed. Though there are a variety of international income distribution studies, but – as to the best to our knowledge – no study focusing on the self-employed and freelancers within the total labor force. In our study we concentrate on the income distribution of self-employed and freelancers in different European countries. Based on the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) we analyze five different European countries and the United States structured by different types of welfare states according to Esping Anderson. We analyze income distributional aspects, an occupational decomposition à la Shorrocks, and re-distributional effects of the tax and transfer systems. ; Der ökonomische Strukturwandel moderner Industriestaaten hat deren Arbeitsmärkte hinsichtlich der Struktur der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse nachhaltig verändert. Die Transformation der traditionellen Wohlfahrtsstaaten, die Deregulierung des Arbeitsmarktes, der technologische Wandel und die Reorganisierung industrieller Strukturen haben die individuellen Präferenzen von Arbeitgebern und Arbeitnehmern bezüglich des von ihnen bevorzugten Arbeitsverhältnisses sehr stark beeinflusst. Der Strukturwandel der Berufsstruktur als Ausdruck der Veränderung von Beschäftigungsverhältnissen war ein Ergebnis dieses Trends. Insbesondere Selbständige und Freiberufler wurden von dieser Entwicklung betroffen und sind gleichzeitig ein Motor der Veränderungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Einerseits wird für die Arbeitnehmer der Grad an individueller Autonomie im Beschäftigungsverhältnis von immer größerer Bedeutung. Andererseits versuchen Arbeitgeber Sozialbeiträge zu senken. Folglich nahm die Vielfältigkeit der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse in diesem Bereich deutlich zu .
The distribution and re-distribution of income of self-employed as freelancers and entrepreneurs in Europe
The economic transformations of modern industrial societies have changed the labor markets in terms of industrial relations and occupational structure. The transformation of the traditional welfare state, the deregulation of the labor markets, the technological change and the reorganization of industrial structures influenced strongly the attitude of individuals towards their preferred labor contract. The structural change of the occupational structure was one of the results of this tendency. In particular the self-employed and freelancers have been affected and are a driving factor of labor market changings. On the one side the value of autonomy regarding industrial relations is becoming more important for employees. On the other side employers want to get rid of social security contributions. As a result the multitudinousness of these professions increased. The increasing varieties of occupations among the self-employed and freelancers influenced strongly their income distribution. Recent studies for Germany have shown a great dispersion and a heterogeneous structure of earnings in particular of freelancers (liberal professions) and self-employed. Though there are a variety of international income distribution studies, but – as to the best to our knowledge – no study focusing on the self-employed and freelancers within the total labor force. In our study we concentrate on the income distribution of self-employed and freelancers in different European countries. Based on the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) we analyze five different European countries and the United States structured by different types of welfare states according to Esping Anderson. We analyze income distributional aspects, an occupational decomposition à la Shorrocks, and re-distributional effects of the tax and transfer systems. ; Der ökonomische Strukturwandel moderner Industriestaaten hat deren Arbeitsmärkte hinsichtlich der Struktur der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse nachhaltig verändert. Die Transformation der traditionellen Wohlfahrtsstaaten, die Deregulierung des Arbeitsmarktes, der technologische Wandel und die Reorganisierung industrieller Strukturen haben die individuellen Präferenzen von Arbeitgebern und Arbeitnehmern bezüglich des von ihnen bevorzugten Arbeitsverhältnisses sehr stark beeinflusst. Der Strukturwandel der Berufsstruktur als Ausdruck der Veränderung von Beschäftigungsverhältnissen war ein Ergebnis dieses Trends. Insbesondere Selbständige und Freiberufler wurden von dieser Entwicklung betroffen und sind gleichzeitig ein Motor der Veränderungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Einerseits wird für die Arbeitnehmer der Grad an individueller Autonomie im Beschäftigungsverhältnis von immer größerer Bedeutung. Andererseits versuchen Arbeitgeber Sozialbeiträge zu senken. Folglich nahm die Vielfältigkeit der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse in diesem Bereich deutlich zu .
The distribution and re-distribution of income of self-employed as freelancers and entrepreneurs in Europe
Merz, Joachim (author) / Hirschel, Dierk (author)
2003-01-01
Merz , J & Hirschel , D 2003 ' The distribution and re-distribution of income of self-employed as freelancers and entrepreneurs in Europe ' Diskussionspapier , no. 39 , Forschungsinstitut Freie Berufe .
Paper
Electronic Resource
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