A Predictive Analysis of China’s CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions and OFDI with a Nonlinear Fractional-Order Grey Multivariable Model: Fid-Bau Portal

A Predictive Analysis of China’s CO₂ Emissions and OFDI with a Nonlinear Fractional-Order Grey Multivariable Model

Hang Jiang / Peng Jiang / Peiyi Kong / Yi-Chung Hu / Cheng-Wen Lee

Since the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative, China’s total amount of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) has increased each year and this has caused its relationship with carbon emissions (CO₂e) to receive great attention recently. Forecasting China’s CO₂e accurately by considering the impact of OFDI is important since the government can use it to formulate an appropriate emissions plan to fulfill its carbon reduction commitments. Because the relationship between OFDI and CO₂e has nonlinear characteristics, a nonlinear grey multivariable model with fractional-order accumulation (NFGM(1,N)) was proposed in this study. To enhance the prediction accuracy, an optimization process was used to determine the parameters. The outcomes of the variable fractional order showed that fractional-order accumulation can better extract the grey information hidden in the original data, which confirmed the principle of new information priority. The result of the power coefficient indicated a nonlinear relationship between the CO₂e and OFDI. Based on the prediction performance, the prediction accuracy of the NFGM(1,N) model was proven to be superior to those of the ARMA model, linear regression model, the GM(1,1), GM(1,N), and FGM(1,N) models. The empirical results also revealed that OFDI increased the CO₂e in China. The relationship between the CO₂e and OFDI exhibits a U-shaped development based on further predictions for the 2018–2030 period. Finally, some suggestions for long-term CO₂e reduction plans were provided in this paper.