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Probability distribution of individual wave overtopping volumes for smooth impermeable steep slopes with low crest freeboards
Abstract Several studies showed that the probability distribution of the wave-by-wave (individual) overtopping volumes of traditional sea defense structures is described by a Weibull distribution with a shape factor b =0.75. Those structures typically feature relatively large crest freeboards. For the particular design applications of overtopping wave energy converters and smooth dikes in severe storm conditions, knowledge is required on the probability distribution of the individual overtopping volumes of smooth structures with relatively low crest freeboards. This study contributes to a better knowledge on that distribution by analyzing the individual overtopping volumes obtained from new experiments on smooth structures with relatively small crest freeboards (0.10< R c/H m0 <1.69) and relatively steep slopes (0.36<cot α <2.75). Furthermore, the characteristics of the corresponding probability distributions are compared to the existing formulations for traditional sea defense structures and submerged dikes or levees. The probability distribution of the individual overtopping volumes for the tested structures also appears to be well described by a Weibull distribution. However, the shape factor b and probability of overtopping P ow (related to the scale factor of the Weibull distribution) are both dependent on the relative crest freeboard and the slope angle. Both b and P ow increase for decreasing relative crest freeboard: b reaches values up to 1.5, while P ow approaches the value of 1.0 (all waves overtop the crest of the structure). Moreover, both the shape factor and probability of overtopping decrease for increasing slope angle. Therefore, two new prediction formulae are proposed for b and P ow based on the new experiments. Finally, based on the relation between the relative 2% run-up height R u2%/H m0 and the probability of overtopping P ow, a new prediction formula for R u2%/H m0 is proposed, bridging the gap between steep slopes and vertical walls adjacent to relatively deep water.
Highlights ► Probability distribution of wave overtopping volumes of steep low-crested slopes. ► New experiments and comparison with literature show Weibull distribution is valid. ► Scale and shape of Weibull distribution depend on slope angle and crest freeboard. ► Shape factor in between traditional sea defense structures and submerged slopes. ► Probability of overtopping and run-up height decrease for increasing slope angle.
Probability distribution of individual wave overtopping volumes for smooth impermeable steep slopes with low crest freeboards
Abstract Several studies showed that the probability distribution of the wave-by-wave (individual) overtopping volumes of traditional sea defense structures is described by a Weibull distribution with a shape factor b =0.75. Those structures typically feature relatively large crest freeboards. For the particular design applications of overtopping wave energy converters and smooth dikes in severe storm conditions, knowledge is required on the probability distribution of the individual overtopping volumes of smooth structures with relatively low crest freeboards. This study contributes to a better knowledge on that distribution by analyzing the individual overtopping volumes obtained from new experiments on smooth structures with relatively small crest freeboards (0.10< R c/H m0 <1.69) and relatively steep slopes (0.36<cot α <2.75). Furthermore, the characteristics of the corresponding probability distributions are compared to the existing formulations for traditional sea defense structures and submerged dikes or levees. The probability distribution of the individual overtopping volumes for the tested structures also appears to be well described by a Weibull distribution. However, the shape factor b and probability of overtopping P ow (related to the scale factor of the Weibull distribution) are both dependent on the relative crest freeboard and the slope angle. Both b and P ow increase for decreasing relative crest freeboard: b reaches values up to 1.5, while P ow approaches the value of 1.0 (all waves overtop the crest of the structure). Moreover, both the shape factor and probability of overtopping decrease for increasing slope angle. Therefore, two new prediction formulae are proposed for b and P ow based on the new experiments. Finally, based on the relation between the relative 2% run-up height R u2%/H m0 and the probability of overtopping P ow, a new prediction formula for R u2%/H m0 is proposed, bridging the gap between steep slopes and vertical walls adjacent to relatively deep water.
Highlights ► Probability distribution of wave overtopping volumes of steep low-crested slopes. ► New experiments and comparison with literature show Weibull distribution is valid. ► Scale and shape of Weibull distribution depend on slope angle and crest freeboard. ► Shape factor in between traditional sea defense structures and submerged slopes. ► Probability of overtopping and run-up height decrease for increasing slope angle.
Probability distribution of individual wave overtopping volumes for smooth impermeable steep slopes with low crest freeboards
Victor, L. (author) / van der Meer, J.W. (author) / Troch, P. (author)
Coastal Engineering ; 64 ; 87-101
2012-01-16
15 pages
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
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