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Large-scale investigation into iceberg-tsunamis generated by various iceberg calving mechanisms
Abstract Mass balance analysis of ice sheets is a key component to understand the effects of global warming with iceberg calving as a significant contributor. Calving recently generated tsunamis of up to 50 m in amplitude endangering human beings and coastal infrastructure. Such iceberg-tsunamis (IBTs) have been investigated based on 66 unique large-scale experiments conducted in a 50 m × 50 m large basin at constant water depth h. The experiments involved five iceberg calving mechanisms: A: capsizing, B: gravity-dominated fall, C: buoyancy-dominated fall, D: gravity-dominated overturning and E: buoyancy-dominated overturning. The kinematics of the up to 187 kg heavy plastic blocks mimicking icebergs was measured with a motion sensor and the wave profiles were recorded with wave probes at up to 35 locations. The IBTs from the gravity-dominated mechanisms (B and D) are roughly an order of magnitude larger than from mechanisms A, C and E. Empirical equations for preliminary hazard assessment and mitigation for the maximum wave height, amplitude and period for both the near- and far-field are derived for the five calving mechanisms individually and combined. The relative released energy, Froude number and relative iceberg width are the most influential dimensionless parameters in these equations. A maximum wave height decay trend close to (r/h)−1.0 is observed, with r as the radial distance, in agreement with the theoretical wave decay from a point source. The empirical equations are applied to a past event resulting in a good agreement and the upscaled wave periods to typical Greenlandic conditions overlap with the lower spectrum of landslide-tsunamis. However, empirical equations for landslide-tsunamis were found to be of limited use to predict IBTs in the far-field supporting the need of the newly introduced empirical equations for IBT hazard assessment and mitigation.
Highlights Iceberg-tsunamis are generated by icebergs calving into a water body. 66 iceberg-tsunami experiments have been conducted in a 50 m × 50 m large basin involving five different calving mechanisms. Iceberg-tsunamis due to icebergs falling into the water body are roughly an order of magnitude larger than due to rising icebergs. Empirical equations for iceberg-tsunamis both in the near- and far-field are derived. The empirical equations are applied to a past event resulting in a good agreement.
Large-scale investigation into iceberg-tsunamis generated by various iceberg calving mechanisms
Abstract Mass balance analysis of ice sheets is a key component to understand the effects of global warming with iceberg calving as a significant contributor. Calving recently generated tsunamis of up to 50 m in amplitude endangering human beings and coastal infrastructure. Such iceberg-tsunamis (IBTs) have been investigated based on 66 unique large-scale experiments conducted in a 50 m × 50 m large basin at constant water depth h. The experiments involved five iceberg calving mechanisms: A: capsizing, B: gravity-dominated fall, C: buoyancy-dominated fall, D: gravity-dominated overturning and E: buoyancy-dominated overturning. The kinematics of the up to 187 kg heavy plastic blocks mimicking icebergs was measured with a motion sensor and the wave profiles were recorded with wave probes at up to 35 locations. The IBTs from the gravity-dominated mechanisms (B and D) are roughly an order of magnitude larger than from mechanisms A, C and E. Empirical equations for preliminary hazard assessment and mitigation for the maximum wave height, amplitude and period for both the near- and far-field are derived for the five calving mechanisms individually and combined. The relative released energy, Froude number and relative iceberg width are the most influential dimensionless parameters in these equations. A maximum wave height decay trend close to (r/h)−1.0 is observed, with r as the radial distance, in agreement with the theoretical wave decay from a point source. The empirical equations are applied to a past event resulting in a good agreement and the upscaled wave periods to typical Greenlandic conditions overlap with the lower spectrum of landslide-tsunamis. However, empirical equations for landslide-tsunamis were found to be of limited use to predict IBTs in the far-field supporting the need of the newly introduced empirical equations for IBT hazard assessment and mitigation.
Highlights Iceberg-tsunamis are generated by icebergs calving into a water body. 66 iceberg-tsunami experiments have been conducted in a 50 m × 50 m large basin involving five different calving mechanisms. Iceberg-tsunamis due to icebergs falling into the water body are roughly an order of magnitude larger than due to rising icebergs. Empirical equations for iceberg-tsunamis both in the near- and far-field are derived. The empirical equations are applied to a past event resulting in a good agreement.
Large-scale investigation into iceberg-tsunamis generated by various iceberg calving mechanisms
Heller, Valentin (author) / Attili, Tommaso (author) / Chen, Fan (author) / Gabl, Roman (author) / Wolters, Guido (author)
Coastal Engineering ; 163
2020-06-07
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
Implications of iceberg dynamics for iceberg stability estimation
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