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Recreational swimmers' exposure to Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8164-0891
Abstract Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are ubiquitous in the marine–estuarine environment, but the magnitude of human non-ingestion exposure to these waterborne pathogens is largely unknown. We evaluated the magnitude of dermal exposure to V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus among swimmers recreating in Vibrio-populated waters by conducting swim studies at four swimming locations in the Chesapeake Bay in 2009 and 2011. Volunteers (n=31) swam for set time periods, and surface water (n=25) and handwash (n=250) samples were collected. Samples were analyzed for Vibrio concentrations using quantitative PCR. Linear and logistic regressions were used to evaluate factors associated with recreational exposures. Mean surface water V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus concentrations were 1128CFUmL−1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 665.6, 1591.4) and 18CFUmL−1 (95% CI: 9.8, 26.1), respectively, across all sampling locations. Mean Vibrio concentrations in handwash samples (V. vulnificus, 180CFUcm−2 (95% CI: 136.6, 222.5); V. parahaemolyticus, 3CFUcm−2 (95% CI: 2.4, 3.7)) were significantly associated with Vibrio concentrations in surface water (V. vulnificus, p <0.01; V. parahaemolyticus, p <0.01), but not with salinity or temperature (V. vulnificus, p =0.52, p =0.17; V. parahaemolyticus, p =0.82, p =0.06). Handwashing reduced V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus on subjects' hands by approximately one log (93.9%, 89.4%, respectively). It can be concluded that when Chesapeake Bay surface waters are characterized by elevated concentrations of Vibrio, swimmers and individuals working in those waters could experience significant dermal exposures to V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, increasing their risk of infection.
Highlights Dermal exposures to Vibrio were quantified among Chesapeake Bay swimmers. Bay swimmers are exposed to Vibrio at concentrations for which infection is possible. Handwashing is effective in reducing the number of Vibrio on the skin by one log. Handwash and surface water Vibrio concentration data can be used to assess exposure and possible health risks.
Recreational swimmers' exposure to Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8164-0891
Abstract Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are ubiquitous in the marine–estuarine environment, but the magnitude of human non-ingestion exposure to these waterborne pathogens is largely unknown. We evaluated the magnitude of dermal exposure to V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus among swimmers recreating in Vibrio-populated waters by conducting swim studies at four swimming locations in the Chesapeake Bay in 2009 and 2011. Volunteers (n=31) swam for set time periods, and surface water (n=25) and handwash (n=250) samples were collected. Samples were analyzed for Vibrio concentrations using quantitative PCR. Linear and logistic regressions were used to evaluate factors associated with recreational exposures. Mean surface water V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus concentrations were 1128CFUmL−1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 665.6, 1591.4) and 18CFUmL−1 (95% CI: 9.8, 26.1), respectively, across all sampling locations. Mean Vibrio concentrations in handwash samples (V. vulnificus, 180CFUcm−2 (95% CI: 136.6, 222.5); V. parahaemolyticus, 3CFUcm−2 (95% CI: 2.4, 3.7)) were significantly associated with Vibrio concentrations in surface water (V. vulnificus, p <0.01; V. parahaemolyticus, p <0.01), but not with salinity or temperature (V. vulnificus, p =0.52, p =0.17; V. parahaemolyticus, p =0.82, p =0.06). Handwashing reduced V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus on subjects' hands by approximately one log (93.9%, 89.4%, respectively). It can be concluded that when Chesapeake Bay surface waters are characterized by elevated concentrations of Vibrio, swimmers and individuals working in those waters could experience significant dermal exposures to V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, increasing their risk of infection.
Highlights Dermal exposures to Vibrio were quantified among Chesapeake Bay swimmers. Bay swimmers are exposed to Vibrio at concentrations for which infection is possible. Handwashing is effective in reducing the number of Vibrio on the skin by one log. Handwash and surface water Vibrio concentration data can be used to assess exposure and possible health risks.
Recreational swimmers' exposure to Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8164-0891
Abstract Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are ubiquitous in the marine–estuarine environment, but the magnitude of human non-ingestion exposure to these waterborne pathogens is largely unknown. We evaluated the magnitude of dermal exposure to V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus among swimmers recreating in Vibrio-populated waters by conducting swim studies at four swimming locations in the Chesapeake Bay in 2009 and 2011. Volunteers (n=31) swam for set time periods, and surface water (n=25) and handwash (n=250) samples were collected. Samples were analyzed for Vibrio concentrations using quantitative PCR. Linear and logistic regressions were used to evaluate factors associated with recreational exposures. Mean surface water V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus concentrations were 1128CFUmL−1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 665.6, 1591.4) and 18CFUmL−1 (95% CI: 9.8, 26.1), respectively, across all sampling locations. Mean Vibrio concentrations in handwash samples (V. vulnificus, 180CFUcm−2 (95% CI: 136.6, 222.5); V. parahaemolyticus, 3CFUcm−2 (95% CI: 2.4, 3.7)) were significantly associated with Vibrio concentrations in surface water (V. vulnificus, p <0.01; V. parahaemolyticus, p <0.01), but not with salinity or temperature (V. vulnificus, p =0.52, p =0.17; V. parahaemolyticus, p =0.82, p =0.06). Handwashing reduced V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus on subjects' hands by approximately one log (93.9%, 89.4%, respectively). It can be concluded that when Chesapeake Bay surface waters are characterized by elevated concentrations of Vibrio, swimmers and individuals working in those waters could experience significant dermal exposures to V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, increasing their risk of infection.
Highlights Dermal exposures to Vibrio were quantified among Chesapeake Bay swimmers. Bay swimmers are exposed to Vibrio at concentrations for which infection is possible. Handwashing is effective in reducing the number of Vibrio on the skin by one log. Handwash and surface water Vibrio concentration data can be used to assess exposure and possible health risks.
Recreational swimmers' exposure to Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA
Shaw, Kristi S. (author) / Sapkota, Amy R. (author) / Jacobs, John M. (author) / He, Xin (author) / Crump, Byron C. (author)
Environmental International ; 74 ; 99-105
2014-09-26
7 pages
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
ANOVA , analysis of variance , ATCC , American Tissue Culture Collection , CDC , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , CFU , colony forming unit , CI , confidence interval , Ct , cycle threshold , DNA , deoxyribonucleic acid , FAO , Food and Agricultural Organization , FDA , Food and Drug Administration , HIV , human immunodeficiency virus , ID<inf>50</inf> , median infective dose , NFVI , non-foodborne <italic>Vibrio</italic> infection , PBS , phosphate buffered saline , PCR , polymerase chain reaction , qPCR , quantitative polymerase chain reaction , TBSA , total body surface area , <italic>tdh</italic> , thermostable direct hemolysin , <italic>trh</italic> , thermostable related hemolysin , <italic>vcgC</italic> , virulence correlated gene, clinical , WHO , World Health Organization , YSI , Yellow Springs Instruments , Chesapeake Bay , Exposure assessment , Recreational exposure , Waterborne illness , <italic>Vibrio vulnificus</italic> , <italic>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</italic>