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Effect of pH on primary and secondary crack propagation in sandstone under constant stress (creep) loading
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8971-674X
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8294-8992
Abstract Time-dependent, chemically assisted crack propagation behavior in rocks is fundamental to understanding the long-term stability of civil engineering structures. In this study, we investigated the propagation of primary and secondary cracks in macrofractured sandstone in distilled water (pH = 5.6) and in an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid (HClaq, pH = 1.82) using digital image correlation (DIC), comparing the results to those from experiments performed in air. Results show that for the macrofracture angles γ = 0 and 90°, the nucleation position r of the primary crack is not affected by pH, and always occurs at the fracture tip (r = 0) and fracture center (r = 1), respectively. For γ = 30, 45, and 60°, r increases quasi-linearly with the increase of γ in semi-log plots, and an increase in pH moves the primary crack away from the fracture tip. For a given γ, an increase in pH produces an increase in the kink angle k 1 of the secondary crack. The influence of pH on secondary crack propagation is most pronounced at high γ values. As the pH increases, the location of the secondary cracks gradually turns counterclockwise with a decreasing swing range, from 37° at pH 1.82–35° at pH 5.6. The secondary crack is inclined at a maximum of 30° and 32° to the maximum principal stress direction at pH 1.82 and pH 5.6, respectively. Right-lateral shear secondary cracks with well-developed tensile tail fractures are more prevalent in higher pH environments. The comparison with dry experiments indicates that distilled water is more aggressive than HClaq. The significant loss of calcium ions in distilled water and the reduction of large pore volume fraction in HClaq are considered the main reasons for the deterioration of the pH effect.
Graphical Abstract Display Omitted
Highlights Distilled water is more aggressive than HCl aqueous solution. An increase in pH moves the primary crack away from to the fracture tip. Increasing the pH can increase the secondary crack kink angle. Stress corrosion has a greater effect on tensile failure than shear failure.
Effect of pH on primary and secondary crack propagation in sandstone under constant stress (creep) loading
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8971-674X
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8294-8992
Abstract Time-dependent, chemically assisted crack propagation behavior in rocks is fundamental to understanding the long-term stability of civil engineering structures. In this study, we investigated the propagation of primary and secondary cracks in macrofractured sandstone in distilled water (pH = 5.6) and in an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid (HClaq, pH = 1.82) using digital image correlation (DIC), comparing the results to those from experiments performed in air. Results show that for the macrofracture angles γ = 0 and 90°, the nucleation position r of the primary crack is not affected by pH, and always occurs at the fracture tip (r = 0) and fracture center (r = 1), respectively. For γ = 30, 45, and 60°, r increases quasi-linearly with the increase of γ in semi-log plots, and an increase in pH moves the primary crack away from the fracture tip. For a given γ, an increase in pH produces an increase in the kink angle k 1 of the secondary crack. The influence of pH on secondary crack propagation is most pronounced at high γ values. As the pH increases, the location of the secondary cracks gradually turns counterclockwise with a decreasing swing range, from 37° at pH 1.82–35° at pH 5.6. The secondary crack is inclined at a maximum of 30° and 32° to the maximum principal stress direction at pH 1.82 and pH 5.6, respectively. Right-lateral shear secondary cracks with well-developed tensile tail fractures are more prevalent in higher pH environments. The comparison with dry experiments indicates that distilled water is more aggressive than HClaq. The significant loss of calcium ions in distilled water and the reduction of large pore volume fraction in HClaq are considered the main reasons for the deterioration of the pH effect.
Graphical Abstract Display Omitted
Highlights Distilled water is more aggressive than HCl aqueous solution. An increase in pH moves the primary crack away from to the fracture tip. Increasing the pH can increase the secondary crack kink angle. Stress corrosion has a greater effect on tensile failure than shear failure.
Effect of pH on primary and secondary crack propagation in sandstone under constant stress (creep) loading
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8971-674X
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8294-8992
Abstract Time-dependent, chemically assisted crack propagation behavior in rocks is fundamental to understanding the long-term stability of civil engineering structures. In this study, we investigated the propagation of primary and secondary cracks in macrofractured sandstone in distilled water (pH = 5.6) and in an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid (HClaq, pH = 1.82) using digital image correlation (DIC), comparing the results to those from experiments performed in air. Results show that for the macrofracture angles γ = 0 and 90°, the nucleation position r of the primary crack is not affected by pH, and always occurs at the fracture tip (r = 0) and fracture center (r = 1), respectively. For γ = 30, 45, and 60°, r increases quasi-linearly with the increase of γ in semi-log plots, and an increase in pH moves the primary crack away from the fracture tip. For a given γ, an increase in pH produces an increase in the kink angle k 1 of the secondary crack. The influence of pH on secondary crack propagation is most pronounced at high γ values. As the pH increases, the location of the secondary cracks gradually turns counterclockwise with a decreasing swing range, from 37° at pH 1.82–35° at pH 5.6. The secondary crack is inclined at a maximum of 30° and 32° to the maximum principal stress direction at pH 1.82 and pH 5.6, respectively. Right-lateral shear secondary cracks with well-developed tensile tail fractures are more prevalent in higher pH environments. The comparison with dry experiments indicates that distilled water is more aggressive than HClaq. The significant loss of calcium ions in distilled water and the reduction of large pore volume fraction in HClaq are considered the main reasons for the deterioration of the pH effect.
Graphical Abstract Display Omitted
Highlights Distilled water is more aggressive than HCl aqueous solution. An increase in pH moves the primary crack away from to the fracture tip. Increasing the pH can increase the secondary crack kink angle. Stress corrosion has a greater effect on tensile failure than shear failure.
Effect of pH on primary and secondary crack propagation in sandstone under constant stress (creep) loading
Xue, Yanchao (author) / Xu, Tao (author) / Heap, Michael J. (author) / Zhu, Wancheng (author) / Ranjith, P.G. (author) / Li, Zhiguo (author)
2024-03-04
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
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