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Benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in human urine from several countries: A perspective on occurrence, biotransformation, and human exposure
Abstract Benzotriazole (BTR) and benzothiazole (BTH) derivatives are high-production-volume chemicals that are mainly used as corrosion inhibitors, and are widely distributed in the environment. BTR derivatives are found in plastics, dishwasher detergents, dry cleaning equipment, and de-icing/anti-icing fluids. BTH derivatives are found in rubber materials, herbicides, slimicides, algicides, fungicides, photosensitizers, azo dyes, drugs, de-icing/anti-icing fluids, and food flavors. However, exposure of humans to BTRs and BTHs is still not known. In this study, six BTRs (1H-benzotriazole, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, 4- and 5-hydroxy-benzotriazole [mixture of two isomers], tolyltriazole, xylyltriazole [or 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole], and 5-chloro-benzotriazole) and six BTHs (benzothiazole, 2-morpholin-4-yl-benzothiazole, 2-hydroxy-benzothiazole, 2-methylthio-benzothiazole, 2-amino-benzothiazole, and 2-thiocyanomethylthio-benzothiazole) were determined in human urine collected from general populations in seven countries (the U.S., Greece, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, China, and India). The median urinary concentration of the sum of five BTRs (Σ5BTRs; 4- and 5-hydroxy-benzotriazole were not included) ranged from 0.2 (Korea) to 2.8 (India)ng/mL among the countries studied, with the highest concentration of 24.5ng/mL found in a sample from China. Xylyltriazole was found more frequently in urine from all five Asian countries than in urine from the U.S. and Greece. The median concentration of the sum of the six BTHs (Σ6BTHs) ranged from 3.6 (U.S.) to 10.9 (Japan)ng/mL among the countries studied, with a maximum detection rate of 100% in urine samples from Vietnam; BTH was the predominant derivative, accounting for, on average, 43% of the Σ6BTH concentration. Based on the concentrations and detection rates of several BTR and BTH derivatives in urine, possible metabolic transformation pathways of these compounds were presented and human exposure doses calculated. The estimated daily intake doses of BTRs and BTHs were on the order of a few to few tens of micrograms per day.
Graphical abstract Display Omitted
Highlights Benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles were determined in urine. Possible metabolic pathways of benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles were elucidated. Human exposure doses to benzothiazoles and benzotriazoles were estimated.
Benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in human urine from several countries: A perspective on occurrence, biotransformation, and human exposure
Abstract Benzotriazole (BTR) and benzothiazole (BTH) derivatives are high-production-volume chemicals that are mainly used as corrosion inhibitors, and are widely distributed in the environment. BTR derivatives are found in plastics, dishwasher detergents, dry cleaning equipment, and de-icing/anti-icing fluids. BTH derivatives are found in rubber materials, herbicides, slimicides, algicides, fungicides, photosensitizers, azo dyes, drugs, de-icing/anti-icing fluids, and food flavors. However, exposure of humans to BTRs and BTHs is still not known. In this study, six BTRs (1H-benzotriazole, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, 4- and 5-hydroxy-benzotriazole [mixture of two isomers], tolyltriazole, xylyltriazole [or 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole], and 5-chloro-benzotriazole) and six BTHs (benzothiazole, 2-morpholin-4-yl-benzothiazole, 2-hydroxy-benzothiazole, 2-methylthio-benzothiazole, 2-amino-benzothiazole, and 2-thiocyanomethylthio-benzothiazole) were determined in human urine collected from general populations in seven countries (the U.S., Greece, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, China, and India). The median urinary concentration of the sum of five BTRs (Σ5BTRs; 4- and 5-hydroxy-benzotriazole were not included) ranged from 0.2 (Korea) to 2.8 (India)ng/mL among the countries studied, with the highest concentration of 24.5ng/mL found in a sample from China. Xylyltriazole was found more frequently in urine from all five Asian countries than in urine from the U.S. and Greece. The median concentration of the sum of the six BTHs (Σ6BTHs) ranged from 3.6 (U.S.) to 10.9 (Japan)ng/mL among the countries studied, with a maximum detection rate of 100% in urine samples from Vietnam; BTH was the predominant derivative, accounting for, on average, 43% of the Σ6BTH concentration. Based on the concentrations and detection rates of several BTR and BTH derivatives in urine, possible metabolic transformation pathways of these compounds were presented and human exposure doses calculated. The estimated daily intake doses of BTRs and BTHs were on the order of a few to few tens of micrograms per day.
Graphical abstract Display Omitted
Highlights Benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles were determined in urine. Possible metabolic pathways of benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles were elucidated. Human exposure doses to benzothiazoles and benzotriazoles were estimated.
Benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in human urine from several countries: A perspective on occurrence, biotransformation, and human exposure
Asimakopoulos, Alexandros G. (author) / Wang, Lei (author) / Thomaidis, Nikolaos S. (author) / Kannan, Kurunthachalam (author)
Environmental International ; 59 ; 274-281
2013-06-14
8 pages
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
1H-BTR , 1H-benzotriazole , 1-OH-BTR , 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole , 4-OH-BTR , 4-hydroxy-benzotriazole , 5-OH-BTR , 5-hydroxy-benzotriazole , TTR , tolyltriazole , 4-Me-1H-BTR , 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole , 5-Me-1H-BTR , 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole , XTR , or 5,6-diMe-1H-BTR, xylyltriazole , 5-Cl-1H-BTR , 5-chloro-1H-benzotriazole , BTH , benzothiazole , 2-M-BTH , 2-morpholin-4-yl-benzothiazole , 2-OH-BTH , 2-hydroxy-benzothiazole , 2-Me-S-BTH , 2-methylthio-benzothiazole , 2-amino-BTH , 2-amino-benzothiazole , 2-SCNMeS-BTH , 2-thiocyanomethylthio-benzothiazole , LLOQ , Lower Limit of Quantification , LOD , Limit of Detection , RSD , Relative Standard Deviation , Urine , Benzotriazole , Hydroxy-benzotriazole , Benzothiazole , Metabolism , Biomonitoring