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A platform for research: civil engineering, architecture and urbanism
Prenatal air pollution, maternal immune activation, and autism spectrum disorder
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5118-2324
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6175-1818
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6134-606X
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2632-8402
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6168-378X
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6968-5701
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2786-1268
Graphical abstract Display Omitted
Highlights Prenatal conditions of maternal immune activation (MIA) was associated with ASD. Exposure to PM2.5 and its major components during pregnancy were associated with ASD. Prenatal MIA conditions unexpectedly did not augment effects of particles on ASD.
Abstract Background Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) risk is highly heritable, with potential additional non-genetic factors, such as prenatal exposure to ambient particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and maternal immune activation (MIA) conditions. Because these exposures may share common biological effect pathways, we hypothesized that synergistic associations of prenatal air pollution and MIA-related conditions would increase ASD risk in children. Objectives This study examined interactions between MIA-related conditions and prenatal PM2.5 or major PM2.5 components on ASD risk. Methods In a population-based pregnancy cohort of children born between 2001 and 2014 in Southern California, 318,751 mother–child pairs were followed through electronic medical records (EMR); 4,559 children were diagnosed with ASD before age 5. Four broad categories of MIA-related conditions were classified, including infection, hypertension, maternal asthma, and autoimmune conditions. Average exposures to PM2.5 and four PM2.5 components, black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), nitrate (NO3 –), and sulfate (SO4 2-), were estimated at maternal residential addresses during pregnancy. We estimated the ASD risk associated with MIA-related conditions, air pollution, and their interactions, using Cox regression models to adjust for covariates. Results ASD risk was associated with MIA-related conditions [infection (hazard ratio 1.11; 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.18), hypertension (1.30; 1.19–1.42), maternal asthma (1.22; 1.08–1.38), autoimmune disease (1.19; 1.09–1.30)], with higher pregnancy PM2.5 [1.07; 1.03–1.12 per interquartile (3.73 μg/m3) increase] and with all four PM2.5 components. However, there were no interactions of each category of MIA-related conditions with PM2.5 or its components on either multiplicative or additive scales. Conclusions MIA-related conditions and pregnancy PM2.5 were independently associations with ASD risk. There were no statistically significant interactions of MIA conditions and prenatal PM2.5 exposure with ASD risk.
Prenatal air pollution, maternal immune activation, and autism spectrum disorder
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5118-2324
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6175-1818
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6134-606X
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2632-8402
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6168-378X
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6968-5701
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2786-1268
Graphical abstract Display Omitted
Highlights Prenatal conditions of maternal immune activation (MIA) was associated with ASD. Exposure to PM2.5 and its major components during pregnancy were associated with ASD. Prenatal MIA conditions unexpectedly did not augment effects of particles on ASD.
Abstract Background Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) risk is highly heritable, with potential additional non-genetic factors, such as prenatal exposure to ambient particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and maternal immune activation (MIA) conditions. Because these exposures may share common biological effect pathways, we hypothesized that synergistic associations of prenatal air pollution and MIA-related conditions would increase ASD risk in children. Objectives This study examined interactions between MIA-related conditions and prenatal PM2.5 or major PM2.5 components on ASD risk. Methods In a population-based pregnancy cohort of children born between 2001 and 2014 in Southern California, 318,751 mother–child pairs were followed through electronic medical records (EMR); 4,559 children were diagnosed with ASD before age 5. Four broad categories of MIA-related conditions were classified, including infection, hypertension, maternal asthma, and autoimmune conditions. Average exposures to PM2.5 and four PM2.5 components, black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), nitrate (NO3 –), and sulfate (SO4 2-), were estimated at maternal residential addresses during pregnancy. We estimated the ASD risk associated with MIA-related conditions, air pollution, and their interactions, using Cox regression models to adjust for covariates. Results ASD risk was associated with MIA-related conditions [infection (hazard ratio 1.11; 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.18), hypertension (1.30; 1.19–1.42), maternal asthma (1.22; 1.08–1.38), autoimmune disease (1.19; 1.09–1.30)], with higher pregnancy PM2.5 [1.07; 1.03–1.12 per interquartile (3.73 μg/m3) increase] and with all four PM2.5 components. However, there were no interactions of each category of MIA-related conditions with PM2.5 or its components on either multiplicative or additive scales. Conclusions MIA-related conditions and pregnancy PM2.5 were independently associations with ASD risk. There were no statistically significant interactions of MIA conditions and prenatal PM2.5 exposure with ASD risk.
Prenatal air pollution, maternal immune activation, and autism spectrum disorder
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5118-2324
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6175-1818
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6134-606X
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2632-8402
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6168-378X
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6968-5701
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2786-1268
Graphical abstract Display Omitted
Highlights Prenatal conditions of maternal immune activation (MIA) was associated with ASD. Exposure to PM2.5 and its major components during pregnancy were associated with ASD. Prenatal MIA conditions unexpectedly did not augment effects of particles on ASD.
Abstract Background Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) risk is highly heritable, with potential additional non-genetic factors, such as prenatal exposure to ambient particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and maternal immune activation (MIA) conditions. Because these exposures may share common biological effect pathways, we hypothesized that synergistic associations of prenatal air pollution and MIA-related conditions would increase ASD risk in children. Objectives This study examined interactions between MIA-related conditions and prenatal PM2.5 or major PM2.5 components on ASD risk. Methods In a population-based pregnancy cohort of children born between 2001 and 2014 in Southern California, 318,751 mother–child pairs were followed through electronic medical records (EMR); 4,559 children were diagnosed with ASD before age 5. Four broad categories of MIA-related conditions were classified, including infection, hypertension, maternal asthma, and autoimmune conditions. Average exposures to PM2.5 and four PM2.5 components, black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), nitrate (NO3 –), and sulfate (SO4 2-), were estimated at maternal residential addresses during pregnancy. We estimated the ASD risk associated with MIA-related conditions, air pollution, and their interactions, using Cox regression models to adjust for covariates. Results ASD risk was associated with MIA-related conditions [infection (hazard ratio 1.11; 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.18), hypertension (1.30; 1.19–1.42), maternal asthma (1.22; 1.08–1.38), autoimmune disease (1.19; 1.09–1.30)], with higher pregnancy PM2.5 [1.07; 1.03–1.12 per interquartile (3.73 μg/m3) increase] and with all four PM2.5 components. However, there were no interactions of each category of MIA-related conditions with PM2.5 or its components on either multiplicative or additive scales. Conclusions MIA-related conditions and pregnancy PM2.5 were independently associations with ASD risk. There were no statistically significant interactions of MIA conditions and prenatal PM2.5 exposure with ASD risk.
Prenatal air pollution, maternal immune activation, and autism spectrum disorder
Yu, Xin (author) / Mostafijur Rahman, Md (author) / Carter, Sarah A. (author) / Lin, Jane C. (author) / Zhuang, Zimin (author) / Chow, Ting (author) / Lurmann, Frederick W. (author) / Kleeman, Michael J. (author) / Martinez, Mayra P. (author) / van Donkelaar, Aaron (author)
2023-08-12
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
Prenatal air pollution, maternal immune activation, and autism spectrum disorder
| DOAJ | 2023
Gestational diabetes mellitus, prenatal air pollution exposure, and autism spectrum disorder
| DOAJ | 2019