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Seasonal variation and source apportionment of Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (OPAHs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 in Seoul, Korea
Abstract Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) are of increasing interest due to their high toxicity. Thirteen particulate PAHs and ten particulate OPAHs were analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) in atmospheric particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than or equal to a nominal 2.5 μm (PM2.5) for the period between May 2020 and January 2021 in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The mean concentration ten OPAHs (5.49 ± 2.40 ng/m3) was higher than that of thirteen PAHs (3.96 ± 3.36 ng/m3), respectively. The concentration of total OPAHs was high in winter (9.40 ± 2.50 ng/m3) and low in summer (3.58 ± 0.78 ng/m3), showing the same trend with PAHs (9.16 ± 3.30 ng/m3 in winter and 0.62 ± 0.15 ng/m3 in summer). When comparing this study results with the measurement results on 2006 in Seoul, PAHs concentration dropped by 68% while only 22% was reduced for OPAHs. It suggests either improvement of combustion technology, i.e., high temperature combustion process in the region or higher ambient oxidation reaction rates on 2020 than 2006. Major sources and their contributions of PAHs and OPAHs were identified based on correlation analysis and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modeling. Two cases were carried. Case 1 is for source apportionment for PM2.5 and case 2 is for OPAHs and PAHs. The number of factors or sources in the two cases was determined as 7 and 4, respectively. The results of the PMF modeling using diagnostic ratios (DRs) in case 1 identified 7 factors; secondary nitrate (23%), secondary sulfate (21%), vehicles (20%), biomass burning (16%), coal combustion (12%), waste incineration (5%), and OPAHs (5,12-NAQ) emission-related (3%). The PMF modeling results in case 2 revealed 4 factors; vehicles (36%), coal combustion (30%), biomass burning (25%), and OPAHs (5,12-NAQ) emission related (9%). Significant correlation between OPAHs and indicators of primary emission sources, and high contribution from sources with emission characteristics implied that most sources of OPAHs were heavily influenced by primary emissions rather than secondary formation.
Highlights 13 particulate PAHs and 10 OPAHs were analyzed in Seoul, Korea for four seasons. The mean concentration of 10 OPAHs was higher than that of 13 PAHs. OPAHs were heavily influenced by primary emissions rather than secondary formation. OPAHs reduction ratios were lower than PAHs from 2006 to 2020.
Seasonal variation and source apportionment of Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (OPAHs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 in Seoul, Korea
Abstract Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) are of increasing interest due to their high toxicity. Thirteen particulate PAHs and ten particulate OPAHs were analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) in atmospheric particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than or equal to a nominal 2.5 μm (PM2.5) for the period between May 2020 and January 2021 in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The mean concentration ten OPAHs (5.49 ± 2.40 ng/m3) was higher than that of thirteen PAHs (3.96 ± 3.36 ng/m3), respectively. The concentration of total OPAHs was high in winter (9.40 ± 2.50 ng/m3) and low in summer (3.58 ± 0.78 ng/m3), showing the same trend with PAHs (9.16 ± 3.30 ng/m3 in winter and 0.62 ± 0.15 ng/m3 in summer). When comparing this study results with the measurement results on 2006 in Seoul, PAHs concentration dropped by 68% while only 22% was reduced for OPAHs. It suggests either improvement of combustion technology, i.e., high temperature combustion process in the region or higher ambient oxidation reaction rates on 2020 than 2006. Major sources and their contributions of PAHs and OPAHs were identified based on correlation analysis and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modeling. Two cases were carried. Case 1 is for source apportionment for PM2.5 and case 2 is for OPAHs and PAHs. The number of factors or sources in the two cases was determined as 7 and 4, respectively. The results of the PMF modeling using diagnostic ratios (DRs) in case 1 identified 7 factors; secondary nitrate (23%), secondary sulfate (21%), vehicles (20%), biomass burning (16%), coal combustion (12%), waste incineration (5%), and OPAHs (5,12-NAQ) emission-related (3%). The PMF modeling results in case 2 revealed 4 factors; vehicles (36%), coal combustion (30%), biomass burning (25%), and OPAHs (5,12-NAQ) emission related (9%). Significant correlation between OPAHs and indicators of primary emission sources, and high contribution from sources with emission characteristics implied that most sources of OPAHs were heavily influenced by primary emissions rather than secondary formation.
Highlights 13 particulate PAHs and 10 OPAHs were analyzed in Seoul, Korea for four seasons. The mean concentration of 10 OPAHs was higher than that of 13 PAHs. OPAHs were heavily influenced by primary emissions rather than secondary formation. OPAHs reduction ratios were lower than PAHs from 2006 to 2020.
Seasonal variation and source apportionment of Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (OPAHs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 in Seoul, Korea
Shin, Sun Min (author) / Lee, Ji Yi (author) / Shin, Hye Jung (author) / Kim, Yong Pyo (author)
Atmospheric Environment ; 272
2022-01-02
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
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