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Exposure to fine particulate matter and temporal dynamics of episodic memory and depressive symptoms in older women
Highlights Accelerated decline in episodic memory was associated with long-term PM2.5 exposure. No significant direct association between PM2.5 and changes in depressive symptoms. PM2.5 indirectly increased depressive symptoms via declines in episodic memory. Findings were robust in women who remained cognitively-intact during the follow-up.
Abstract Background Emerging data suggests PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm) may be associated with both earlier declines in episodic memory (EM) and increased depressive symptoms in older adults. Although late-life depressive symptoms are associated with EM, no longitudinal studies have examined the inter-relationship among PM2.5, depressive symptoms and EM. Methods Older women (n = 2,202; aged 67–83 in 1999) enrolled in the Women’s Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging completed up to eight annual assessments of depressive symptoms (15-item Geriatric Depression Scale) and EM (California Verbal Learning Test). A nationwide spatiotemporal model (1999–2010) was used to estimate ambient PM2.5 exposure at residential locations. Univariate and bivariate structural equation models (SEMs) for latent-change scores were used to examine how 3-year average PM2.5 preceding each assessment affects the temporal dynamics and bidirectional relations of annual changes in depressive symptoms and EM. Results In univariate SEMs, one inter-quartile (4.04 μg/m3) increment of 3-year PM2.5 was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with accelerated declines in verbal learning (List A trials 1–3: β = −1.48) and free-recall memory (short-delay: β = −1.43; long-delay: β = −1.11), but not with change in depressive symptoms (β = 0.12; p = 0.71). In bivariate SEMs, significant associations were observed between PM2.5 and accelerated declines in EM measures (β = −1.44 to −0.99; p < 0.05) and between EM performance and changes in depressive symptoms (β = −0.08 to −0.05; p < 0.05), with significant indirect PM2.5 effects on changes in depressive symptoms (β = 0.08–0.10; p < 0.05). These findings were robust with adjustment for multiple demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors, and remained after excluding subjects with dementia or mild cognitive impairment. No associations were found between PM2.5 and change in depressive symptoms or depressive symptoms and subsequent EM decline. Conclusions Findings suggest that PM2.5 neurotoxicity may damage brain areas implicated in EM, followed by manifestation of depressive symptoms. Our data did not support depressive symptoms as the neuropsychological mediator of accelerated brain aging associated with PM2.5 exposure.
Exposure to fine particulate matter and temporal dynamics of episodic memory and depressive symptoms in older women
Highlights Accelerated decline in episodic memory was associated with long-term PM2.5 exposure. No significant direct association between PM2.5 and changes in depressive symptoms. PM2.5 indirectly increased depressive symptoms via declines in episodic memory. Findings were robust in women who remained cognitively-intact during the follow-up.
Abstract Background Emerging data suggests PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm) may be associated with both earlier declines in episodic memory (EM) and increased depressive symptoms in older adults. Although late-life depressive symptoms are associated with EM, no longitudinal studies have examined the inter-relationship among PM2.5, depressive symptoms and EM. Methods Older women (n = 2,202; aged 67–83 in 1999) enrolled in the Women’s Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging completed up to eight annual assessments of depressive symptoms (15-item Geriatric Depression Scale) and EM (California Verbal Learning Test). A nationwide spatiotemporal model (1999–2010) was used to estimate ambient PM2.5 exposure at residential locations. Univariate and bivariate structural equation models (SEMs) for latent-change scores were used to examine how 3-year average PM2.5 preceding each assessment affects the temporal dynamics and bidirectional relations of annual changes in depressive symptoms and EM. Results In univariate SEMs, one inter-quartile (4.04 μg/m3) increment of 3-year PM2.5 was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with accelerated declines in verbal learning (List A trials 1–3: β = −1.48) and free-recall memory (short-delay: β = −1.43; long-delay: β = −1.11), but not with change in depressive symptoms (β = 0.12; p = 0.71). In bivariate SEMs, significant associations were observed between PM2.5 and accelerated declines in EM measures (β = −1.44 to −0.99; p < 0.05) and between EM performance and changes in depressive symptoms (β = −0.08 to −0.05; p < 0.05), with significant indirect PM2.5 effects on changes in depressive symptoms (β = 0.08–0.10; p < 0.05). These findings were robust with adjustment for multiple demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors, and remained after excluding subjects with dementia or mild cognitive impairment. No associations were found between PM2.5 and change in depressive symptoms or depressive symptoms and subsequent EM decline. Conclusions Findings suggest that PM2.5 neurotoxicity may damage brain areas implicated in EM, followed by manifestation of depressive symptoms. Our data did not support depressive symptoms as the neuropsychological mediator of accelerated brain aging associated with PM2.5 exposure.
Exposure to fine particulate matter and temporal dynamics of episodic memory and depressive symptoms in older women
Petkus, Andrew J. (author) / Younan, Diana (author) / Widaman, Keith (author) / Gatz, Margaret (author) / Manson, JoAnn E. (author) / Wang, Xinhui (author) / Serre, Marc (author) / Vizuete, William (author) / Chui, Helena (author) / Espeland, Mark A. (author)
2019-09-17
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
Particulate matter , Depressive symptoms , Episodic memory , Structural equation modeling , PM<inf>2.5</inf> , particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm , ADRD , Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias , WHISCA , Women’s Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging , WHIMS , Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study , WHI , Women’s Health Initiative , GDS-15 , 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale , CVLT , California Verbal Learning Test , BME , Bayesian Maximum Entropy , MCI , Mild Cognitive Impairment , DSM-4 , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 4th edition , 3MS , Modified Mini-Mental State Exam , TICSm , Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified , SEM , Structural Equation Modeling , LCS , latent change score , em , episodic memory , dep , depressive symptoms as measured by the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale , lem , latent episodic memory score , ldep , latent depressive symptoms , res<inf>em</inf> , error variance of episodic memory , res<inf>dep</inf> , error variance of depressive symptoms , RMSEA , root mean square error of approximation
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