A platform for research: civil engineering, architecture and urbanism
A platform for research: civil engineering, architecture and urbanism
Frost damage to stone and concrete: geological considerations
Abstract Frost damage to stone and concrete is due to expansion during freezing of water. This process is presented in the p—v—t diagram of ice which is updated and lines of density added for the phases water and ice I. Water also expands 0.4% at 1 atm when heated from 4 to 30°C, and 0.6% at 1 atm, if undercooled from 4 to —20°C. A modified diagram witht on the abscissa and the density change in percent on the ordinate gives expansion curves for 1, 25, 50, 75, and 100 atm. Water is enough compressible that no expansion can take place from 4 to 30°C, if the capillaria walls can resist stresses to 100 atm which are insufficient to break up sound rock. The efficiency of water transportation to the zone of freezing in soils and rocks depends on the size and distribution of capillaria, and the presence of non-swelling clay minerals which act like water pumps along the channels without closing the channels. Water in micropores, however, is unfreezable and much less mobile than water in larger channels, if only a few molecules thick, oriented, and stressed. Engineering geological applications of thep-v-t ice diagram are as follows: (a) the frost stability of stone, if strength, climate, and capillaria size are known; (b) the stability of point-bearing piles in muddy frozen sediments; (c) the knowledge of the rock strength in estimates of minimum Pleistocene rock temperatures of felsenmeers. The freezing process of water is known to produce a spontaneous expansion from a density of about 1.000–0.9165. The expansion pressure (or crystallization pressure) may be of considerable importance as it aids in the mechanical disintegration of natural rock, structural stone and concrete. The interest in the process of freezing started at the beginning of the 19th century when the expansion as well as the contraction of ice at increased pressures was recognized. Only recently we have learned that the damaging frost action does not depend on the expansion of ice alone, but rather on a variety of processes which diagram of ice may find an application in engineering geology. The discussion also extends to the implications which the lithology may have in the frost safety of rocks and soils. It is the hope that the previous discussion will be helpful to both the geologist and the engineer.
Frost damage to stone and concrete: geological considerations
Abstract Frost damage to stone and concrete is due to expansion during freezing of water. This process is presented in the p—v—t diagram of ice which is updated and lines of density added for the phases water and ice I. Water also expands 0.4% at 1 atm when heated from 4 to 30°C, and 0.6% at 1 atm, if undercooled from 4 to —20°C. A modified diagram witht on the abscissa and the density change in percent on the ordinate gives expansion curves for 1, 25, 50, 75, and 100 atm. Water is enough compressible that no expansion can take place from 4 to 30°C, if the capillaria walls can resist stresses to 100 atm which are insufficient to break up sound rock. The efficiency of water transportation to the zone of freezing in soils and rocks depends on the size and distribution of capillaria, and the presence of non-swelling clay minerals which act like water pumps along the channels without closing the channels. Water in micropores, however, is unfreezable and much less mobile than water in larger channels, if only a few molecules thick, oriented, and stressed. Engineering geological applications of thep-v-t ice diagram are as follows: (a) the frost stability of stone, if strength, climate, and capillaria size are known; (b) the stability of point-bearing piles in muddy frozen sediments; (c) the knowledge of the rock strength in estimates of minimum Pleistocene rock temperatures of felsenmeers. The freezing process of water is known to produce a spontaneous expansion from a density of about 1.000–0.9165. The expansion pressure (or crystallization pressure) may be of considerable importance as it aids in the mechanical disintegration of natural rock, structural stone and concrete. The interest in the process of freezing started at the beginning of the 19th century when the expansion as well as the contraction of ice at increased pressures was recognized. Only recently we have learned that the damaging frost action does not depend on the expansion of ice alone, but rather on a variety of processes which diagram of ice may find an application in engineering geology. The discussion also extends to the implications which the lithology may have in the frost safety of rocks and soils. It is the hope that the previous discussion will be helpful to both the geologist and the engineer.
Frost damage to stone and concrete: geological considerations
Winkler, Erhard M. (author)
Engineering Geology ; 2 ; 315-323
1967-10-18
9 pages
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
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