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The Norwegian biomonitoring study from the EU project EuroMix: Levels of phenols and phthalates in 24-hour urine samples and exposure sources from food and personal care products
Abstract Background Exposure to multiple chemicals occurs daily through several routes; diet, inhalation and dermal contact. Real-life exposure assessment is needed to understand the risk. Therefore, a human biomonitoring (BM) study was performed to examine the plausibility of source-to-dose calculations for chemical mixtures in the Horizon 2020 EuroMix project. Objectives To provide a detailed description of the design of the EuroMix BM study, and to present the initial results for urinary phenols and phthalates and to describe their exposure determinants from foods and personal care products (PCPs). Method Adults (44 males and 100 females) kept detailed diaries on their food consumption, PCP use and handling of cash receipts. Urine samples were collected over the same 24-hour period. Urinary levels of four parabens, five bisphenols, oxybenzone/benzophenone-3 (OXBE), triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC) and metabolites of eight phthalates and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) were analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Multivariable linear regressions were performed between PCPs/food categories and each dependent chemical variable separately, and were only sex-stratified when an interactions between sex and the independent variable was significant. Results The detection rate for the metabolites of phthalates and DINCH, and bisphenol A (BPA) and TCS in urine was 88–100%, while bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) were only found in 29% and 4% of the urine samples, respectively. Bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol AF (BPAF) and TCC were not detected. Food groups associated with phenol exposure were meat, bread, beverages and butter and oil. Food determinants for phthalate exposure were sweets, butter and oil, fruit and berries and other foods. The only positive association between the use of PCPs and phenols was found between BPA and lip gloss/balm. Phthalate exposure was associated with the use of shower gel, hand cream (females), toothpaste, anti-wrinkle cream (females) and shaving products (males). Conclusion The participants in the EuroMix BM study were exposed to a mixture of phenols and phthalates. A variety of food categories and PCPs were found to be possible sources of these chemicals. This indicates a complex pattern of exposure to numerous chemicals from multiple sources, depending on individual diet and PCP preferences.
Highlights Nearly all 24-hour urinary samples contained phthalates, bisphenol A and triclosan. Foods associated with exposure to phenols were meat, bread, beverages and butter and oil. Foods associated with exposure to phthalates were sweets, butter and oil, fruit and berries and various foods. Phthalate exposure was associated with the use of shower gel, hand cream, toothpaste, anti-wrinkle cream and shaving products.
The Norwegian biomonitoring study from the EU project EuroMix: Levels of phenols and phthalates in 24-hour urine samples and exposure sources from food and personal care products
Abstract Background Exposure to multiple chemicals occurs daily through several routes; diet, inhalation and dermal contact. Real-life exposure assessment is needed to understand the risk. Therefore, a human biomonitoring (BM) study was performed to examine the plausibility of source-to-dose calculations for chemical mixtures in the Horizon 2020 EuroMix project. Objectives To provide a detailed description of the design of the EuroMix BM study, and to present the initial results for urinary phenols and phthalates and to describe their exposure determinants from foods and personal care products (PCPs). Method Adults (44 males and 100 females) kept detailed diaries on their food consumption, PCP use and handling of cash receipts. Urine samples were collected over the same 24-hour period. Urinary levels of four parabens, five bisphenols, oxybenzone/benzophenone-3 (OXBE), triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC) and metabolites of eight phthalates and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) were analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Multivariable linear regressions were performed between PCPs/food categories and each dependent chemical variable separately, and were only sex-stratified when an interactions between sex and the independent variable was significant. Results The detection rate for the metabolites of phthalates and DINCH, and bisphenol A (BPA) and TCS in urine was 88–100%, while bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) were only found in 29% and 4% of the urine samples, respectively. Bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol AF (BPAF) and TCC were not detected. Food groups associated with phenol exposure were meat, bread, beverages and butter and oil. Food determinants for phthalate exposure were sweets, butter and oil, fruit and berries and other foods. The only positive association between the use of PCPs and phenols was found between BPA and lip gloss/balm. Phthalate exposure was associated with the use of shower gel, hand cream (females), toothpaste, anti-wrinkle cream (females) and shaving products (males). Conclusion The participants in the EuroMix BM study were exposed to a mixture of phenols and phthalates. A variety of food categories and PCPs were found to be possible sources of these chemicals. This indicates a complex pattern of exposure to numerous chemicals from multiple sources, depending on individual diet and PCP preferences.
Highlights Nearly all 24-hour urinary samples contained phthalates, bisphenol A and triclosan. Foods associated with exposure to phenols were meat, bread, beverages and butter and oil. Foods associated with exposure to phthalates were sweets, butter and oil, fruit and berries and various foods. Phthalate exposure was associated with the use of shower gel, hand cream, toothpaste, anti-wrinkle cream and shaving products.
The Norwegian biomonitoring study from the EU project EuroMix: Levels of phenols and phthalates in 24-hour urine samples and exposure sources from food and personal care products
Husøy, T. (author) / Andreassen, M. (author) / Hjertholm, H. (author) / Carlsen, M.H. (author) / Norberg, N. (author) / Sprong, C. (author) / Papadopoulou, E. (author) / Sakhi, A.K. (author) / Sabaredzovic, A. (author) / Dirven, H.A.A.M. (author)
2019-08-12
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
BBzP , butyl benzyl phthalate , BM , biomonitoring , BMI , body mass index , BPs , bisphenols , BPA , bisphenol A , BPAF , bisphenol AF , BPB , bisphenol B , BPF , bisphenol F , BPS , bisphenol S , BUPA , butylparaben , cx-MiNP , mono-4-methyl-7-carboxyoctyl phthalate , DEHP , di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate , DEP , diethyl phthalate , DiBP , di-iso-butyl phthalate , DINCH , 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester , DiNP , di-iso-nonyl phthalate , DnBP , di-n-butyl phthalate , DPHP , di(2-propyl heptyl) phthalate , ETPA , ethyl paraben , GM , geometrical means , HDPE , high-density polyethylene , IQR , interquartile range , KBS , food and nutrient calculation system , LDPE , low-density polyethylene , LOD , limits of detection , LOQ , limit of quantification , NIPH , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , FFQ , food frequency questionnaire , MBzP , monobenzyl phthalate , MEHHP , mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate , MEHP , mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate , MEOHP , mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate , MEP , monoethyl phthalate , MEPA , methyl paraben , MiBP , mono-iso-butyl phthalate , MnBP , mono-n-butyl phthalate , MMCHP , mono-2-carboxymethyl hexyl phthalate , MoBa , Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study , oh-MINCH , 2-(((Hydroxy-4-methyloctyl)oxy)carbonyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid , oh-MiNP , mono-4-methyl-7-hydroxyoctyl phthalate , MLR , multivariable linear regression , oh-MPHP , 6-hydroxy monopropylheptylphthalate , oxo-MINCH , 2-(((4-methyl-7-oxyooctyl)oxy)carbonyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid , oxo-MiNP , mono-4-methyl-7-oxooctyl phthalate , OXBE , oxybenzone/benzophenone-3 , PBs , parabens , PBMC , peripheral blood mononuclear cells , PBPK , physiologically based pharmacokinetic , PBTK , physiologically based toxicokinetic , PCPs , personal care products , PP , polypropylene , PRPA , propyl paraben , PS , polystyrene , SG , specific gravity , SPE , solid phase extraction , TCS , triclosan , TCC , triclocarban , TP , thermal paper , UPLC , ultra-high performance liquid chromatography , Contaminants , Chemicals , Phenols , Phthalate , Bisphenol , Paraben , Biomonitoring , Food , Personal care products , 24-hour urine