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Chemical composition of the inorganic fraction of cloud-water at a high altitude station in West India
Abstract Data from a ground-based cloud-water collection system intercepting water from clouds at a mountain field station, Sinhagad near Pune in India are presented. This study was part of an Indo-Swedish Collaboration Project on Atmospheric Brown Cloud-Asia (ABC-A). Cloud-water and rainwater (wet-only) samples were collected during June 2007–Dec. 2010. Concentrations of major anions and cations were determined. Ion concentrations were generally higher (NO3 −, about 8 times; SO4 2− and K+, 5 times; NH4 +, 4 times and Cl−, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ 3 times) in cloud-water samples than in rainwater samples collected during the same days. The average pH of cloud-water samples was 6.0 with about 20% of the values below 5.6 and only 4% less than 5.0. Despite high concentrations of SO4 2− and NO3 − the cloud water samples were on average not more acidic than rainwater samples. This is different from most of the other studies of cloud-water composition which have noted a substantially higher acidity (i.e. lower pH) in cloud-water than in rainwater. The slightly alkaline (pH > 5.6) nature of the cloud-water samples is mainly due to the presence of soil derived calcium carbonate in quantities more than enough to neutralize the acids or their precursors. A separation of the cloud-water data into trajectory groups showed that samples in air-masses having spent the last few days over the Indian sub-continent were in general more acidic (due to anthropogenic emissions) than those collected during days with air-masses of marine origin. A high correlation mutually between Ca2+, Na+, NO3 − and SO4 2− makes it difficult to estimate the contribution to SO4 2− from different sources. Anthropogenic SO2-emissions and soil dust may both give important contributions.
Highlights Cloud water polluted but not acidic. High concentration of Ca2+. Some SO4 2− may come from soil dust.
Chemical composition of the inorganic fraction of cloud-water at a high altitude station in West India
Abstract Data from a ground-based cloud-water collection system intercepting water from clouds at a mountain field station, Sinhagad near Pune in India are presented. This study was part of an Indo-Swedish Collaboration Project on Atmospheric Brown Cloud-Asia (ABC-A). Cloud-water and rainwater (wet-only) samples were collected during June 2007–Dec. 2010. Concentrations of major anions and cations were determined. Ion concentrations were generally higher (NO3 −, about 8 times; SO4 2− and K+, 5 times; NH4 +, 4 times and Cl−, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ 3 times) in cloud-water samples than in rainwater samples collected during the same days. The average pH of cloud-water samples was 6.0 with about 20% of the values below 5.6 and only 4% less than 5.0. Despite high concentrations of SO4 2− and NO3 − the cloud water samples were on average not more acidic than rainwater samples. This is different from most of the other studies of cloud-water composition which have noted a substantially higher acidity (i.e. lower pH) in cloud-water than in rainwater. The slightly alkaline (pH > 5.6) nature of the cloud-water samples is mainly due to the presence of soil derived calcium carbonate in quantities more than enough to neutralize the acids or their precursors. A separation of the cloud-water data into trajectory groups showed that samples in air-masses having spent the last few days over the Indian sub-continent were in general more acidic (due to anthropogenic emissions) than those collected during days with air-masses of marine origin. A high correlation mutually between Ca2+, Na+, NO3 − and SO4 2− makes it difficult to estimate the contribution to SO4 2− from different sources. Anthropogenic SO2-emissions and soil dust may both give important contributions.
Highlights Cloud water polluted but not acidic. High concentration of Ca2+. Some SO4 2− may come from soil dust.
Chemical composition of the inorganic fraction of cloud-water at a high altitude station in West India
Budhavant, K.B. (author) / Rao, P.S.P. (author) / Safai, P.D. (author) / Granat, L. (author) / Rodhe, H. (author)
Atmospheric Environment ; 88 ; 59-65
2014-01-20
7 pages
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
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