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A platform for research: civil engineering, architecture and urbanism
Evaluation of the behavior of BTEX at Beijing and Seoul in winter and summer using observations and 3-D modeling
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0409-9557
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9386-2133
Abstract Aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and trimethylbenzene (BTEX) are known to contribute the most to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in an urban atmosphere and their representation in chemical transport models (CTM) is still uncertain. In this study, we evaluated the model representation of BTEX concentrations and their seasonal difference at Beijing and Seoul using the GEOS-Chem CTM and ground observations from the Fine particle Research Initiative in East Asia considering National Differences (FRIEND) project in winter and summer. The model captured different levels of observed BTEX at Beijing and Seoul, where benzene (BENZ) was comparable and toluene + ethylbenzene (TOLU) and xylenes + trimethylbenzenes (XYLE) were higher at Seoul. The observed seasonal variations of BTEX were similar at both sites, with benzene being higher in winter and TOLU and XYLE being higher in summer. However, the magnitude and seasonal variation of TOLU at Seoul and BENZ at Beijing were not reproduced by the model. TOLU was underestimated in both seasons at Seoul especially in summer due to the underestimation of emission rates and evaporative emission being not included in the current emission inventory. At Beijing, BENZ was underestimated especially in winter and showed no seasonal variation which was different from the observations. Underestimated benzene emission rates or missing sources of it cause discrepancies between observed and modeled benzene concentrations at Beijing.
Highlights The observed toluene and xylenes were higher in summer while benzene was higher in winter at Beijing and Seoul. The evaporative emission of toluene at Seoul needs to be considered in the model to reproduce the observed seasonal variation of toluene. Benzene concentration at Beijing is underestimated likely due to a low bias in emissions from Beijing's own or upwind region.
Evaluation of the behavior of BTEX at Beijing and Seoul in winter and summer using observations and 3-D modeling
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0409-9557
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9386-2133
Abstract Aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and trimethylbenzene (BTEX) are known to contribute the most to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in an urban atmosphere and their representation in chemical transport models (CTM) is still uncertain. In this study, we evaluated the model representation of BTEX concentrations and their seasonal difference at Beijing and Seoul using the GEOS-Chem CTM and ground observations from the Fine particle Research Initiative in East Asia considering National Differences (FRIEND) project in winter and summer. The model captured different levels of observed BTEX at Beijing and Seoul, where benzene (BENZ) was comparable and toluene + ethylbenzene (TOLU) and xylenes + trimethylbenzenes (XYLE) were higher at Seoul. The observed seasonal variations of BTEX were similar at both sites, with benzene being higher in winter and TOLU and XYLE being higher in summer. However, the magnitude and seasonal variation of TOLU at Seoul and BENZ at Beijing were not reproduced by the model. TOLU was underestimated in both seasons at Seoul especially in summer due to the underestimation of emission rates and evaporative emission being not included in the current emission inventory. At Beijing, BENZ was underestimated especially in winter and showed no seasonal variation which was different from the observations. Underestimated benzene emission rates or missing sources of it cause discrepancies between observed and modeled benzene concentrations at Beijing.
Highlights The observed toluene and xylenes were higher in summer while benzene was higher in winter at Beijing and Seoul. The evaporative emission of toluene at Seoul needs to be considered in the model to reproduce the observed seasonal variation of toluene. Benzene concentration at Beijing is underestimated likely due to a low bias in emissions from Beijing's own or upwind region.
Evaluation of the behavior of BTEX at Beijing and Seoul in winter and summer using observations and 3-D modeling
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0409-9557
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9386-2133
Abstract Aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and trimethylbenzene (BTEX) are known to contribute the most to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in an urban atmosphere and their representation in chemical transport models (CTM) is still uncertain. In this study, we evaluated the model representation of BTEX concentrations and their seasonal difference at Beijing and Seoul using the GEOS-Chem CTM and ground observations from the Fine particle Research Initiative in East Asia considering National Differences (FRIEND) project in winter and summer. The model captured different levels of observed BTEX at Beijing and Seoul, where benzene (BENZ) was comparable and toluene + ethylbenzene (TOLU) and xylenes + trimethylbenzenes (XYLE) were higher at Seoul. The observed seasonal variations of BTEX were similar at both sites, with benzene being higher in winter and TOLU and XYLE being higher in summer. However, the magnitude and seasonal variation of TOLU at Seoul and BENZ at Beijing were not reproduced by the model. TOLU was underestimated in both seasons at Seoul especially in summer due to the underestimation of emission rates and evaporative emission being not included in the current emission inventory. At Beijing, BENZ was underestimated especially in winter and showed no seasonal variation which was different from the observations. Underestimated benzene emission rates or missing sources of it cause discrepancies between observed and modeled benzene concentrations at Beijing.
Highlights The observed toluene and xylenes were higher in summer while benzene was higher in winter at Beijing and Seoul. The evaporative emission of toluene at Seoul needs to be considered in the model to reproduce the observed seasonal variation of toluene. Benzene concentration at Beijing is underestimated likely due to a low bias in emissions from Beijing's own or upwind region.
Evaluation of the behavior of BTEX at Beijing and Seoul in winter and summer using observations and 3-D modeling
Choi, Eunlak (author) / Lee, Hyung-Min (author) / Kim, Yong Pyo (author) / Lee, Ji Yi (author) / Wu, Zhijun (author)
Atmospheric Environment ; 319
2023-11-28
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
Northeast Asia , VOCs , BTEX , GEOS-Chem , FRIEND projects
Aircraft measurements of BTEX compounds around Beijing city
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PM10 modeling of Beijing in the winter
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