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A platform for research: civil engineering, architecture and urbanism
Children's exposure to brominated flame retardants in indoor environments - A review
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0466-212X
AbstractThe aim of this review is to present up-to-date research on children's exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor environments. Large geographical variations were observed for all BFRs [polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)], with the highest concentrations of PBDEs measured in North America (BDE-47) and Europe (BDE-209), where higher concentrations of PBDEs are present in dust from houses, daycare centers and primary schools. In Asia the highest PBDE concentrations were measured in China, near e-waste recycling areas. In the Middle East, Australia and Africa BFR levels were low in most indoor spaces. Asian countries also have the highest concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDD, followed by European countries. Fewer studies have been conducted measuring novel and emerging BFRs (NBFRs or EBFRs), of which decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) has the highest concentration in indoor environments, especially in China. The vast majority of children's exposure studies have been conducted in houses, sampling either dust or air, and considerably fewer in schools, daycare centers, cars and public facilities, despite BFR levels being comparable to (or sometimes even higher than) house dust. Relatively fewer studies focused on children's tissues such as serum, and only two studied exposure via mouthing toys. Alternative noninvasive sampling matrices that may act as surrogates for exposure to BFRs such as handwipes and silicone wristbands have recently started to gain momentum, because of the ease of sampling, faster collection time and better correlations to serum than house dust. Feces sampling is another promising alternative to children's serum that warrants further research. While many studies have associated different indoor environment characteristics, there is a knowledge gap on the association between children's behaviour and activity patterns and their exposure to BFRs, as well as data on infant exposure to BFRs via baby products. Results from the studies showed that dust ingestion was the dominant exposure pathway for most studied BFRs compared to indoor air inhalation and dermal contact, especially for infants and toddlers who have higher exposures than older children.
Graphical abstract
HighlightsChildren's exposure to BFRs is higher in North America and Europe.Dust ingestion is the dominant exposure pathway compared to air inhalation and dermal contact.There is a distinct lack of data on infant exposure to BFRs via baby products.
Children's exposure to brominated flame retardants in indoor environments - A review
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0466-212X
AbstractThe aim of this review is to present up-to-date research on children's exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor environments. Large geographical variations were observed for all BFRs [polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)], with the highest concentrations of PBDEs measured in North America (BDE-47) and Europe (BDE-209), where higher concentrations of PBDEs are present in dust from houses, daycare centers and primary schools. In Asia the highest PBDE concentrations were measured in China, near e-waste recycling areas. In the Middle East, Australia and Africa BFR levels were low in most indoor spaces. Asian countries also have the highest concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDD, followed by European countries. Fewer studies have been conducted measuring novel and emerging BFRs (NBFRs or EBFRs), of which decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) has the highest concentration in indoor environments, especially in China. The vast majority of children's exposure studies have been conducted in houses, sampling either dust or air, and considerably fewer in schools, daycare centers, cars and public facilities, despite BFR levels being comparable to (or sometimes even higher than) house dust. Relatively fewer studies focused on children's tissues such as serum, and only two studied exposure via mouthing toys. Alternative noninvasive sampling matrices that may act as surrogates for exposure to BFRs such as handwipes and silicone wristbands have recently started to gain momentum, because of the ease of sampling, faster collection time and better correlations to serum than house dust. Feces sampling is another promising alternative to children's serum that warrants further research. While many studies have associated different indoor environment characteristics, there is a knowledge gap on the association between children's behaviour and activity patterns and their exposure to BFRs, as well as data on infant exposure to BFRs via baby products. Results from the studies showed that dust ingestion was the dominant exposure pathway for most studied BFRs compared to indoor air inhalation and dermal contact, especially for infants and toddlers who have higher exposures than older children.
Graphical abstract
HighlightsChildren's exposure to BFRs is higher in North America and Europe.Dust ingestion is the dominant exposure pathway compared to air inhalation and dermal contact.There is a distinct lack of data on infant exposure to BFRs via baby products.
Children's exposure to brominated flame retardants in indoor environments - A review
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0466-212X
AbstractThe aim of this review is to present up-to-date research on children's exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor environments. Large geographical variations were observed for all BFRs [polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)], with the highest concentrations of PBDEs measured in North America (BDE-47) and Europe (BDE-209), where higher concentrations of PBDEs are present in dust from houses, daycare centers and primary schools. In Asia the highest PBDE concentrations were measured in China, near e-waste recycling areas. In the Middle East, Australia and Africa BFR levels were low in most indoor spaces. Asian countries also have the highest concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDD, followed by European countries. Fewer studies have been conducted measuring novel and emerging BFRs (NBFRs or EBFRs), of which decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) has the highest concentration in indoor environments, especially in China. The vast majority of children's exposure studies have been conducted in houses, sampling either dust or air, and considerably fewer in schools, daycare centers, cars and public facilities, despite BFR levels being comparable to (or sometimes even higher than) house dust. Relatively fewer studies focused on children's tissues such as serum, and only two studied exposure via mouthing toys. Alternative noninvasive sampling matrices that may act as surrogates for exposure to BFRs such as handwipes and silicone wristbands have recently started to gain momentum, because of the ease of sampling, faster collection time and better correlations to serum than house dust. Feces sampling is another promising alternative to children's serum that warrants further research. While many studies have associated different indoor environment characteristics, there is a knowledge gap on the association between children's behaviour and activity patterns and their exposure to BFRs, as well as data on infant exposure to BFRs via baby products. Results from the studies showed that dust ingestion was the dominant exposure pathway for most studied BFRs compared to indoor air inhalation and dermal contact, especially for infants and toddlers who have higher exposures than older children.
Graphical abstract
HighlightsChildren's exposure to BFRs is higher in North America and Europe.Dust ingestion is the dominant exposure pathway compared to air inhalation and dermal contact.There is a distinct lack of data on infant exposure to BFRs via baby products.
Children's exposure to brominated flame retardants in indoor environments - A review
Malliari, Eleftheria (author) / Kalantzi, Olga-Ioanna (author)
Environmental International ; 108 ; 146-169
2017-08-18
24 pages
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
BFRs , brominated flame retardants , FRs , flame retardants , PBBs , polybrominated biphenyls , PBDEs , polybrominated diphenyl ethers , HBCDD , hexabromocyclododecane , TBBPA , tetrabromobisphenol A , NBFRs , novel brominated flame retardants , EBFRs , emerging brominated flame retardants , DBDPE , decabromodiphenylethane , BTBPE , 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane , TBBPA-BDBPE , tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) ether , EH-TBB , 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate , BEH-TEBP , bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate , HBB , hexabromobenzene , TBP-AE , 2,4,6-tribromophenyl allyl ether , PBT , pentabromotoluene , TBP-DBPE , 2,4,6-tribromophenyl 2,3-dibromopropyl ether , PBEB , pentabromoethylbenzene , TBCT , 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-6-chloromethylbenzene , PBB-Acr , pentabromobenzyl acrylate , OBTMPI , octabromotrimethylphenyl indane , α- and β-DBE-DBCH , 4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-1,2-dibromocyclohexane and 1-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-3,4-dibromocyclohexane , TBCO , 1,2,5,6-tetrabromocyclooctane , Children , Toddlers , Exposure , Brominated flame retardants , Indoor environment , Home , School , Day care , Classroom
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