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Attributing health effects to apportioned components and sources of particulate matter: An evaluation of collective results
Abstract It has been hypothesized that the composition of particulate matter (PM) may be a better predictor of health effects than PM mass alone. The regional differences in PM composition and the heterogeneity in PM risk estimates in large multi-city epidemiologic studies are consistent with this hypothesis. Since 2005, efforts have been made to relate apportioned components and sources of PM with human health outcomes in epidemiology, controlled human exposure and toxicology studies. We reviewed published studies that: 1) focused on short-term exposure to PM; 2) included at least five components of PM; 3) grouped them into factors or sources; and 4) used quantitative methods to examine the relationship between the factors or sources and health effects. We then examined whether specific groups of PM components or sources of PM are consistently linked to specific health effects across studies. Collectively, these studies suggest that cardiovascular effects may be associated with PM2.5 from crustal or combustion sources, including traffic, but at this time, no consistent relationships have emerged. Fewer studies evaluated respiratory health effects, and the evidence for associations was limited. Apportionment methods have linked a variety of health effects to multiple groups of PM components and sources of PM, but the collective evidence has not yet isolated factors or sources that would be closely and unequivocally related to specific health outcomes.
Highlights ► PM chemical composition may better predict health effects than PM mass or size. ► We reviewed 29 studies that attempted this by using apportionment methods. ► Were specific sources or factors consistently linked to specific health effects? ► Apportionment methods have identified links, but we found little if any consistency.
Attributing health effects to apportioned components and sources of particulate matter: An evaluation of collective results
Abstract It has been hypothesized that the composition of particulate matter (PM) may be a better predictor of health effects than PM mass alone. The regional differences in PM composition and the heterogeneity in PM risk estimates in large multi-city epidemiologic studies are consistent with this hypothesis. Since 2005, efforts have been made to relate apportioned components and sources of PM with human health outcomes in epidemiology, controlled human exposure and toxicology studies. We reviewed published studies that: 1) focused on short-term exposure to PM; 2) included at least five components of PM; 3) grouped them into factors or sources; and 4) used quantitative methods to examine the relationship between the factors or sources and health effects. We then examined whether specific groups of PM components or sources of PM are consistently linked to specific health effects across studies. Collectively, these studies suggest that cardiovascular effects may be associated with PM2.5 from crustal or combustion sources, including traffic, but at this time, no consistent relationships have emerged. Fewer studies evaluated respiratory health effects, and the evidence for associations was limited. Apportionment methods have linked a variety of health effects to multiple groups of PM components and sources of PM, but the collective evidence has not yet isolated factors or sources that would be closely and unequivocally related to specific health outcomes.
Highlights ► PM chemical composition may better predict health effects than PM mass or size. ► We reviewed 29 studies that attempted this by using apportionment methods. ► Were specific sources or factors consistently linked to specific health effects? ► Apportionment methods have identified links, but we found little if any consistency.
Attributing health effects to apportioned components and sources of particulate matter: An evaluation of collective results
Stanek, Lindsay Wichers (author) / Sacks, Jason D. (author) / Dutton, Steven J. (author) / Dubois, Jean-Jacques B. (author)
Atmospheric Environment ; 45 ; 5655-5663
2011-07-12
9 pages
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
Particulate matter , Health effect , Source apportionment , Particle pollution , Epidemiology , Toxicology , AQCD , air quality criteria document , BALF , bronchoalveolar lavage fluid , CAPs , concentrated ambient particles , CMB , chemical mass balance , COX , cyclooxygenase , CRP , C-reactive protein , CV , cardiovascular , CVD , cardiovascular disease , EC , elemental carbon , ED , emergency department , FEV<inf>1</inf> , forced expiratory flow in 1 s , FVC , forced vital capacity , HO , heme oxygenase , HR , heart rate , HRV , heart rate variabilility , IL , interleukin , L/W , lumen/wall ratio , ME , multilinear engine , NH<inf>4</inf> <sup>+</sup> , ammonia , NO<inf>3</inf> <sup>−</sup> , nitrate , NO<inf>2</inf> , nitrogen dioxide , NO<inf><italic>X</italic></inf> , nitrogen oxides , O<inf>3</inf> , ozone , OC , organic carbon , PCA , principal component analysis , PEF , peak expiratory flow , PLS , partial least squares , PM , particulate matter , PM<inf>2.5</inf> , particulate matter <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter , PM<inf>10</inf> , particulate matter <10 μm in aerodynamic diameter , PMF , positive matrix factorization , PMN , polymorphonuclear , PNN50 , number of pairs of adjacent nonrmal-to-normal intervals that differ by more than 50 ms divided by total number of all normal-to-normal intervals , RBC , red blood cell , RMSSD , square root of mean of sum of squares of differences between adjacent normal-to-normal intervals , SBP , systolic blood pressure , SDNN , standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals , SEM , structural equation modeling , SO<inf>2</inf> , sulfur dioxide , SO<inf>4</inf> <sup>2−</sup> , sulfate , WBC , white blood cells , vWF , von Willebrand Factor
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