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On-road PM2.5 pollution exposure in multiple transport microenvironments in Delhi
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4189-021X
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6966-0520
Abstract PM2.5 pollution in Delhi averaged 150 μg/m3 from 2012 through 2014, which is 15 times higher than the World Health Organization's annual-average guideline. For this setting, we present on-road exposure of PM2.5 concentrations for 11 transport microenvironments along a fixed 8.3-km arterial route, during morning rush hour. The data collection was carried out using a portable TSI DustTrak DRX 8433 aerosol monitor, between January and May (2014). The monthly-average measured ambient concentrations varied from 130 μg/m3 to 250 μg/m3. The on-road PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the ambient measurements by an average of 40% for walking, 10% for cycle, 30% for motorised two wheeler (2W), 30% for open-windowed (OW) car, 30% for auto rickshaw, 20% for air-conditioned as well as for OW bus, 20% for bus stop, and 30% for underground metro station. On the other hand, concentrations were lower by 50% inside air-conditioned (AC) car and 20% inside the metro rail carriage. We find that the percent exceedance for open modes (cycle, auto rickshaw, 2W, OW car, and OW bus) reduces non-linearly with increasing ambient concentration. The reduction is steeper at concentrations lower than 150 μg/m3 than at higher concentrations. After accounting for air inhalation rate and speed of travel, PM2.5 mass uptake per kilometer during cycling is 9 times of AC car, the mode with the lowest exposure. At current level of concentrations, an hour of cycling in Delhi during morning rush-hour period results in PM2.5 dose which is 40% higher than an entire-day dose in cities like Tokyo, London, and New York, where ambient concentrations range from 10 to 20 μg/m3.
Highlights Measurements of on-road PM2.5 exposures in 11 transport microenvironments in Delhi. Traveling in auto rickshaw leads to 30% higher exposure rate than in an off-road location. Inside air-conditioned cars and metro carriages, the exposure rate is the lowest. PM2.5 mass inhaled per km is 9 times for cycling compared to inside of an AC car.
On-road PM2.5 pollution exposure in multiple transport microenvironments in Delhi
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4189-021X
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6966-0520
Abstract PM2.5 pollution in Delhi averaged 150 μg/m3 from 2012 through 2014, which is 15 times higher than the World Health Organization's annual-average guideline. For this setting, we present on-road exposure of PM2.5 concentrations for 11 transport microenvironments along a fixed 8.3-km arterial route, during morning rush hour. The data collection was carried out using a portable TSI DustTrak DRX 8433 aerosol monitor, between January and May (2014). The monthly-average measured ambient concentrations varied from 130 μg/m3 to 250 μg/m3. The on-road PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the ambient measurements by an average of 40% for walking, 10% for cycle, 30% for motorised two wheeler (2W), 30% for open-windowed (OW) car, 30% for auto rickshaw, 20% for air-conditioned as well as for OW bus, 20% for bus stop, and 30% for underground metro station. On the other hand, concentrations were lower by 50% inside air-conditioned (AC) car and 20% inside the metro rail carriage. We find that the percent exceedance for open modes (cycle, auto rickshaw, 2W, OW car, and OW bus) reduces non-linearly with increasing ambient concentration. The reduction is steeper at concentrations lower than 150 μg/m3 than at higher concentrations. After accounting for air inhalation rate and speed of travel, PM2.5 mass uptake per kilometer during cycling is 9 times of AC car, the mode with the lowest exposure. At current level of concentrations, an hour of cycling in Delhi during morning rush-hour period results in PM2.5 dose which is 40% higher than an entire-day dose in cities like Tokyo, London, and New York, where ambient concentrations range from 10 to 20 μg/m3.
Highlights Measurements of on-road PM2.5 exposures in 11 transport microenvironments in Delhi. Traveling in auto rickshaw leads to 30% higher exposure rate than in an off-road location. Inside air-conditioned cars and metro carriages, the exposure rate is the lowest. PM2.5 mass inhaled per km is 9 times for cycling compared to inside of an AC car.
On-road PM2.5 pollution exposure in multiple transport microenvironments in Delhi
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4189-021X
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6966-0520
Abstract PM2.5 pollution in Delhi averaged 150 μg/m3 from 2012 through 2014, which is 15 times higher than the World Health Organization's annual-average guideline. For this setting, we present on-road exposure of PM2.5 concentrations for 11 transport microenvironments along a fixed 8.3-km arterial route, during morning rush hour. The data collection was carried out using a portable TSI DustTrak DRX 8433 aerosol monitor, between January and May (2014). The monthly-average measured ambient concentrations varied from 130 μg/m3 to 250 μg/m3. The on-road PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the ambient measurements by an average of 40% for walking, 10% for cycle, 30% for motorised two wheeler (2W), 30% for open-windowed (OW) car, 30% for auto rickshaw, 20% for air-conditioned as well as for OW bus, 20% for bus stop, and 30% for underground metro station. On the other hand, concentrations were lower by 50% inside air-conditioned (AC) car and 20% inside the metro rail carriage. We find that the percent exceedance for open modes (cycle, auto rickshaw, 2W, OW car, and OW bus) reduces non-linearly with increasing ambient concentration. The reduction is steeper at concentrations lower than 150 μg/m3 than at higher concentrations. After accounting for air inhalation rate and speed of travel, PM2.5 mass uptake per kilometer during cycling is 9 times of AC car, the mode with the lowest exposure. At current level of concentrations, an hour of cycling in Delhi during morning rush-hour period results in PM2.5 dose which is 40% higher than an entire-day dose in cities like Tokyo, London, and New York, where ambient concentrations range from 10 to 20 μg/m3.
Highlights Measurements of on-road PM2.5 exposures in 11 transport microenvironments in Delhi. Traveling in auto rickshaw leads to 30% higher exposure rate than in an off-road location. Inside air-conditioned cars and metro carriages, the exposure rate is the lowest. PM2.5 mass inhaled per km is 9 times for cycling compared to inside of an AC car.
On-road PM2.5 pollution exposure in multiple transport microenvironments in Delhi
Goel, Rahul (author) / Gani, Shahzad (author) / Guttikunda, Sarath K. (author) / Wilson, Daniel (author) / Tiwari, Geetam (author)
Atmospheric Environment ; 123 ; 129-138
2015-10-12
10 pages
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
PM<inf>2.5</inf> , Air pollution , Road transport , Traffic , Exposure , Delhi , India