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Clay minerals with expanding lattice in the crystalline bedrock of Finland
Summary One hundred samples of soft, clayey material taken from bedrock fractures and veins in different parts of Finland have been subjected to X-ray analysis, and 50 of the samples also to a free swelling test (10 $ cm^{3} $ of air-dried clay was placed in a 50 $ cm^{3} $ cylinder filled with distilled water). The free swelling of the samples ranged from zero (i.e. from 10 $ cm^{3} $) to 31 $ cm^{3} $. The clays that increased in volume to more than 13 $ cm^{3} $ proved under X-ray analysis to contain various amounts of smectite. In general, the amount of smectite was not proportional to the free swelling capacity. According to the sampled material, smectite-bearing clay is present in at least about 40 per cent of the clayey veins and weathering zones in the crystalline bedrock of Finland. Thus far, however, the swelling phenomenon has not been found to be responsible for damage to rock excavations. The formation and occurrence of smectite as a secondary mineral depends on the intensity of leaching rather than on the petrographic character of the bedrock.
Clay minerals with expanding lattice in the crystalline bedrock of Finland
Summary One hundred samples of soft, clayey material taken from bedrock fractures and veins in different parts of Finland have been subjected to X-ray analysis, and 50 of the samples also to a free swelling test (10 $ cm^{3} $ of air-dried clay was placed in a 50 $ cm^{3} $ cylinder filled with distilled water). The free swelling of the samples ranged from zero (i.e. from 10 $ cm^{3} $) to 31 $ cm^{3} $. The clays that increased in volume to more than 13 $ cm^{3} $ proved under X-ray analysis to contain various amounts of smectite. In general, the amount of smectite was not proportional to the free swelling capacity. According to the sampled material, smectite-bearing clay is present in at least about 40 per cent of the clayey veins and weathering zones in the crystalline bedrock of Finland. Thus far, however, the swelling phenomenon has not been found to be responsible for damage to rock excavations. The formation and occurrence of smectite as a secondary mineral depends on the intensity of leaching rather than on the petrographic character of the bedrock.
Clay minerals with expanding lattice in the crystalline bedrock of Finland
Uusinoka, R. (author) / Alkio, R. (author)
1975
Article (Journal)
English
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