A platform for research: civil engineering, architecture and urbanism
A platform for research: civil engineering, architecture and urbanism
Mortars and Binders During a Time of Emerging Industries: 19th Century Austro-Hungarian Fortifications in Montenegro
A number of military fortresses built between 1853 and 1914 by the Austrian‐Hungarian Empire in today’s Republic of Montenegro have been investigated by the Austrian Archaeological Institute. The ongoing survey first focused on three sites dating between 1858 and 1897. Mortars had been diversely used in all of them for different purposes of construction.
Analyses were performed on mortar samples by thin-section microscopy and SEM. The results reveal use of several lime, natural “Roman” cement and Portland cement materials, depending on their application in the building and on the period of construction. All three fort buildings contain mainly air lime mortars as bedding and filling of the stone masonry, while pointing on exterior walls and tamped concretes are usually based on Portland cements. The microscopic features of the Portland cement (PC) clinkers reflect the typical conditions of early PC production. Roman cement (RC) mortars were only occasionally found.
Our contribution includes a presentation of the fortresses and their construction principles, followed by a discussion of the mortars by their binder constituents and aggregates. In the context of the state of the Austro-Hungarian cement industry in the 19th century, the observations reveal one of the earliest applications of Portland cement in the whole Empire.
Mortars and Binders During a Time of Emerging Industries: 19th Century Austro-Hungarian Fortifications in Montenegro
A number of military fortresses built between 1853 and 1914 by the Austrian‐Hungarian Empire in today’s Republic of Montenegro have been investigated by the Austrian Archaeological Institute. The ongoing survey first focused on three sites dating between 1858 and 1897. Mortars had been diversely used in all of them for different purposes of construction.
Analyses were performed on mortar samples by thin-section microscopy and SEM. The results reveal use of several lime, natural “Roman” cement and Portland cement materials, depending on their application in the building and on the period of construction. All three fort buildings contain mainly air lime mortars as bedding and filling of the stone masonry, while pointing on exterior walls and tamped concretes are usually based on Portland cements. The microscopic features of the Portland cement (PC) clinkers reflect the typical conditions of early PC production. Roman cement (RC) mortars were only occasionally found.
Our contribution includes a presentation of the fortresses and their construction principles, followed by a discussion of the mortars by their binder constituents and aggregates. In the context of the state of the Austro-Hungarian cement industry in the 19th century, the observations reveal one of the earliest applications of Portland cement in the whole Empire.
Mortars and Binders During a Time of Emerging Industries: 19th Century Austro-Hungarian Fortifications in Montenegro
RILEM Bookseries
Bokan Bosiljkov, Violeta (editor) / Padovnik, Andreja (editor) / Turk, Tilen (editor) / Weber, Johannes (author) / Zabrana, Lilli (author) / Hackel, Andrea (author) / Leiner, Susanne (author) / Pintér, Farkas (author)
Historic Mortars International Conference ; 2022 ; Ljubljana, Slovenia
Conservation and Restoration of Historic Mortars and Masonry Structures ; Chapter: 11 ; 133-149
RILEM Bookseries ; 42
2023-06-08
17 pages
Article/Chapter (Book)
Electronic Resource
English
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