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Optimization and Characterization of 3D Bioprintable Alginate and Hydroxyapatite Based Biomaterial Ink
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5429-5615
3D bioprinting can be utilised to create complex tissues with fine control over the tissue's creation process. 3D bioprinting technology deposits materials layer by layer to obtain customized geometries for creating functional tissue. The 3D bioprinted scaffold provides cells with an ideal environment to grow and proliferate. Customized constructs can be printed by 3D bioprinting techniques by using different biomaterials and cells. Scaffold properties can be tailored for geometries, porosities as well as mechanical properties. This study reports the synthesis of sodium alginate (Alg)/hydroxyapatite (HA) based bioink which can be printable from an extrusion-based bioprinter and is structurally stable for making bone scaffolds. A hydrogen bond formation between hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups of alginate with hydroxyl groups of hydroxyapatite assures the stability of HA in the alginate hydrogel system. 1 M calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution used for the post-printing crosslinking. Prepared bioink were characterized using ESEM (environmental scanning electron microscopy), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), EDS (Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), DTA (Differential thermal analyzer), and TGA (Thermogravimetric analyzer) tests. Rheological and printability responses were evaluated with a Rheometer. FTIR study confirmed the presence of sodium alginate and HA in the bioink. Different shifts and peaks in C = O and O–H obtained from FTIR indicate the presence of ionic interaction between sodium alginate and HA. ESEM analysis showed a rough morphology in the printed structure. EDS results confirmed the different elements of sodium alginate and HA composites. The calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio obtained from EDS is in the range of 1.12–1.68. The obtained range for calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio from EDS analysis ensured the suitability of the bioprinted scaffold for bone regeneration. TGA/DTA results indicated the thermal behaviour and stability of sodium alginate and HA. The viscosity of all the formulated ink of alginate and hydroxyapatite is in the range of viscosity of Extrusion based bioprinter i.e. 30 mPa/s to > 6 × 107 mPa/s. Rheological studies confirmed that the obtained biomaterial-based ink is in the acceptable range suitable for extrusion-based bioprinters. It also confirmed the shear-thinning properties in the prepared ink. The addition of HA increased the shape retention properties of bioprinted constructs. The combination of sodium alginate and HA provided a suitable biomaterial ink for printing bone scaffolds which has the desired properties for bone regeneration.
Optimization and Characterization of 3D Bioprintable Alginate and Hydroxyapatite Based Biomaterial Ink
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5429-5615
3D bioprinting can be utilised to create complex tissues with fine control over the tissue's creation process. 3D bioprinting technology deposits materials layer by layer to obtain customized geometries for creating functional tissue. The 3D bioprinted scaffold provides cells with an ideal environment to grow and proliferate. Customized constructs can be printed by 3D bioprinting techniques by using different biomaterials and cells. Scaffold properties can be tailored for geometries, porosities as well as mechanical properties. This study reports the synthesis of sodium alginate (Alg)/hydroxyapatite (HA) based bioink which can be printable from an extrusion-based bioprinter and is structurally stable for making bone scaffolds. A hydrogen bond formation between hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups of alginate with hydroxyl groups of hydroxyapatite assures the stability of HA in the alginate hydrogel system. 1 M calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution used for the post-printing crosslinking. Prepared bioink were characterized using ESEM (environmental scanning electron microscopy), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), EDS (Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), DTA (Differential thermal analyzer), and TGA (Thermogravimetric analyzer) tests. Rheological and printability responses were evaluated with a Rheometer. FTIR study confirmed the presence of sodium alginate and HA in the bioink. Different shifts and peaks in C = O and O–H obtained from FTIR indicate the presence of ionic interaction between sodium alginate and HA. ESEM analysis showed a rough morphology in the printed structure. EDS results confirmed the different elements of sodium alginate and HA composites. The calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio obtained from EDS is in the range of 1.12–1.68. The obtained range for calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio from EDS analysis ensured the suitability of the bioprinted scaffold for bone regeneration. TGA/DTA results indicated the thermal behaviour and stability of sodium alginate and HA. The viscosity of all the formulated ink of alginate and hydroxyapatite is in the range of viscosity of Extrusion based bioprinter i.e. 30 mPa/s to > 6 × 107 mPa/s. Rheological studies confirmed that the obtained biomaterial-based ink is in the acceptable range suitable for extrusion-based bioprinters. It also confirmed the shear-thinning properties in the prepared ink. The addition of HA increased the shape retention properties of bioprinted constructs. The combination of sodium alginate and HA provided a suitable biomaterial ink for printing bone scaffolds which has the desired properties for bone regeneration.
Optimization and Characterization of 3D Bioprintable Alginate and Hydroxyapatite Based Biomaterial Ink
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5429-5615
3D bioprinting can be utilised to create complex tissues with fine control over the tissue's creation process. 3D bioprinting technology deposits materials layer by layer to obtain customized geometries for creating functional tissue. The 3D bioprinted scaffold provides cells with an ideal environment to grow and proliferate. Customized constructs can be printed by 3D bioprinting techniques by using different biomaterials and cells. Scaffold properties can be tailored for geometries, porosities as well as mechanical properties. This study reports the synthesis of sodium alginate (Alg)/hydroxyapatite (HA) based bioink which can be printable from an extrusion-based bioprinter and is structurally stable for making bone scaffolds. A hydrogen bond formation between hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups of alginate with hydroxyl groups of hydroxyapatite assures the stability of HA in the alginate hydrogel system. 1 M calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution used for the post-printing crosslinking. Prepared bioink were characterized using ESEM (environmental scanning electron microscopy), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), EDS (Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), DTA (Differential thermal analyzer), and TGA (Thermogravimetric analyzer) tests. Rheological and printability responses were evaluated with a Rheometer. FTIR study confirmed the presence of sodium alginate and HA in the bioink. Different shifts and peaks in C = O and O–H obtained from FTIR indicate the presence of ionic interaction between sodium alginate and HA. ESEM analysis showed a rough morphology in the printed structure. EDS results confirmed the different elements of sodium alginate and HA composites. The calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio obtained from EDS is in the range of 1.12–1.68. The obtained range for calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio from EDS analysis ensured the suitability of the bioprinted scaffold for bone regeneration. TGA/DTA results indicated the thermal behaviour and stability of sodium alginate and HA. The viscosity of all the formulated ink of alginate and hydroxyapatite is in the range of viscosity of Extrusion based bioprinter i.e. 30 mPa/s to > 6 × 107 mPa/s. Rheological studies confirmed that the obtained biomaterial-based ink is in the acceptable range suitable for extrusion-based bioprinters. It also confirmed the shear-thinning properties in the prepared ink. The addition of HA increased the shape retention properties of bioprinted constructs. The combination of sodium alginate and HA provided a suitable biomaterial ink for printing bone scaffolds which has the desired properties for bone regeneration.
Optimization and Characterization of 3D Bioprintable Alginate and Hydroxyapatite Based Biomaterial Ink
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C
Thakur, Kavita Kumari (author) / Lekurwale, Ramesh (author) / Bansode, Sangita (author) / Pansare, Rajesh (author)
Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C ; 105 ; 1531-1543
2024-12-01
13 pages
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
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