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Brine management with zero and minimal liquid discharge
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9289-3330
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5011-4909
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3055-5368
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9832-9127
Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) and minimal liquid discharge (MLD) are brine management approaches that aim to reduce the environmental impacts of brine discharge and recover water for reuse. ZLD maximizes water recovery and avoids the needs for brine disposal, but is expensive and energy-intensive. MLD (which reduces the brine volume and recovers some water) has been proposed as a practical and cost-effective alternative to ZLD, but brine disposal is needed. In this Review, we examine the concepts, technologies and industrial applications of ZLD and MLD. These brine management strategies have current and potential applications in the desalination, energy, mining and semiconductor industries, all of which produce large volumes of brine. Brine concentration and crystallization in ZLD and MLD often rely on mechanical vapour compression and thermal crystallizers, which are effective but energy-intensive. Novel engineered systems for brine volume reduction and crystallization are under active development to achieve MLD and/or ZLD. These emerging systems, such as membrane distillation, electrodialytic crystallization and solvent extraction desalination, still face challenges to outcompete mechanical vapour compression and thermal crystallizers, underscoring the critical need to maximize the full potential of reverse osmosis to attain ultrahigh water recovery. Brine valorization has potential to partially offset the cost of ZLD and MLD, provided that resource recovery can be integrated into treatment trains economically and in accordance with regulations.
Zero liquid discharge and minimal liquid discharge are brine management approaches that recover water and minimize the amount of brine that must be disposed of from industrial activities. This Review discusses the applications of these approaches, the technologies that enable them and potential strategies to make them more efficient and economical.
Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is a critical brine management strategy that aims to remove or recover 100% of the water and obtain salt crystals as either a solid waste for disposal or a resource for valorization.
Minimal liquid discharge (MLD) is an alternative strategy to ZLD, which is essentially brine volume reduction followed by disposal.
ZLD and MLD have current and potential applications in the desalination, energy, mining and semiconductor industries.
Emerging technologies for brine concentration and crystallization are currently unable to replace the state-of-the-art mechanical vapour compression and thermal crystallizer, therefore making maximizing brine volume reduction using reverse osmosis desirable.
The selection of technologies and engineering design for MLD and ZLD is a constrained optimization problem, with technical and economic parameters and constraints that depend on location and regulations.
Brine valorization has potential to partially offset the cost of ZLD and MLD.
Brine management with zero and minimal liquid discharge
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9289-3330
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5011-4909
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3055-5368
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9832-9127
Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) and minimal liquid discharge (MLD) are brine management approaches that aim to reduce the environmental impacts of brine discharge and recover water for reuse. ZLD maximizes water recovery and avoids the needs for brine disposal, but is expensive and energy-intensive. MLD (which reduces the brine volume and recovers some water) has been proposed as a practical and cost-effective alternative to ZLD, but brine disposal is needed. In this Review, we examine the concepts, technologies and industrial applications of ZLD and MLD. These brine management strategies have current and potential applications in the desalination, energy, mining and semiconductor industries, all of which produce large volumes of brine. Brine concentration and crystallization in ZLD and MLD often rely on mechanical vapour compression and thermal crystallizers, which are effective but energy-intensive. Novel engineered systems for brine volume reduction and crystallization are under active development to achieve MLD and/or ZLD. These emerging systems, such as membrane distillation, electrodialytic crystallization and solvent extraction desalination, still face challenges to outcompete mechanical vapour compression and thermal crystallizers, underscoring the critical need to maximize the full potential of reverse osmosis to attain ultrahigh water recovery. Brine valorization has potential to partially offset the cost of ZLD and MLD, provided that resource recovery can be integrated into treatment trains economically and in accordance with regulations.
Zero liquid discharge and minimal liquid discharge are brine management approaches that recover water and minimize the amount of brine that must be disposed of from industrial activities. This Review discusses the applications of these approaches, the technologies that enable them and potential strategies to make them more efficient and economical.
Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is a critical brine management strategy that aims to remove or recover 100% of the water and obtain salt crystals as either a solid waste for disposal or a resource for valorization.
Minimal liquid discharge (MLD) is an alternative strategy to ZLD, which is essentially brine volume reduction followed by disposal.
ZLD and MLD have current and potential applications in the desalination, energy, mining and semiconductor industries.
Emerging technologies for brine concentration and crystallization are currently unable to replace the state-of-the-art mechanical vapour compression and thermal crystallizer, therefore making maximizing brine volume reduction using reverse osmosis desirable.
The selection of technologies and engineering design for MLD and ZLD is a constrained optimization problem, with technical and economic parameters and constraints that depend on location and regulations.
Brine valorization has potential to partially offset the cost of ZLD and MLD.
Brine management with zero and minimal liquid discharge
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9289-3330
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5011-4909
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3055-5368
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9832-9127
Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) and minimal liquid discharge (MLD) are brine management approaches that aim to reduce the environmental impacts of brine discharge and recover water for reuse. ZLD maximizes water recovery and avoids the needs for brine disposal, but is expensive and energy-intensive. MLD (which reduces the brine volume and recovers some water) has been proposed as a practical and cost-effective alternative to ZLD, but brine disposal is needed. In this Review, we examine the concepts, technologies and industrial applications of ZLD and MLD. These brine management strategies have current and potential applications in the desalination, energy, mining and semiconductor industries, all of which produce large volumes of brine. Brine concentration and crystallization in ZLD and MLD often rely on mechanical vapour compression and thermal crystallizers, which are effective but energy-intensive. Novel engineered systems for brine volume reduction and crystallization are under active development to achieve MLD and/or ZLD. These emerging systems, such as membrane distillation, electrodialytic crystallization and solvent extraction desalination, still face challenges to outcompete mechanical vapour compression and thermal crystallizers, underscoring the critical need to maximize the full potential of reverse osmosis to attain ultrahigh water recovery. Brine valorization has potential to partially offset the cost of ZLD and MLD, provided that resource recovery can be integrated into treatment trains economically and in accordance with regulations.
Zero liquid discharge and minimal liquid discharge are brine management approaches that recover water and minimize the amount of brine that must be disposed of from industrial activities. This Review discusses the applications of these approaches, the technologies that enable them and potential strategies to make them more efficient and economical.
Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is a critical brine management strategy that aims to remove or recover 100% of the water and obtain salt crystals as either a solid waste for disposal or a resource for valorization.
Minimal liquid discharge (MLD) is an alternative strategy to ZLD, which is essentially brine volume reduction followed by disposal.
ZLD and MLD have current and potential applications in the desalination, energy, mining and semiconductor industries.
Emerging technologies for brine concentration and crystallization are currently unable to replace the state-of-the-art mechanical vapour compression and thermal crystallizer, therefore making maximizing brine volume reduction using reverse osmosis desirable.
The selection of technologies and engineering design for MLD and ZLD is a constrained optimization problem, with technical and economic parameters and constraints that depend on location and regulations.
Brine valorization has potential to partially offset the cost of ZLD and MLD.
Brine management with zero and minimal liquid discharge
Nat. Rev. Clean Technol.
Tong, Tiezheng (author) / Xu, Lonqian (author) / Horseman, Thomas (author) / Westerhoff, Paul (author) / Xu, Pei (author) / Yao, Yiqun (author) / Zhang, Xudong (author) / Alghanayem, Rayan (author) / Lin, Shihong (author)
Nature Reviews Clean Technology ; 1 ; 185-200
2025-03-01
16 pages
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
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