A platform for research: civil engineering, architecture and urbanism
A platform for research: civil engineering, architecture and urbanism
Household water consumption and demand management in Finland
The aim of the paper is to describe and analyse the trends and levels of water consumption, especially of households, in Finland. The study concentrates on the specific household water consumption (SHWC) of various types of housing, housing ownership, metering and billing arrangements. Real estate managers acted as enumerators and collected data from 185 sub-cases in various parts of the country. The study shows that SHWC levels of about 120 l/capita/day, or even less, can be achieved, while maintaining a high standard of service levels. In addition to individual metering, proper management includes introduction of modern water fixtures and in-house piping, raising consumer awareness, and active follow-up. Explanations for declined consumption are quite site- and case specific. Simultaneously, decreasing consumption and the resulting fall in water sales are a challenge to water utilities.
Household water consumption and demand management in Finland
The aim of the paper is to describe and analyse the trends and levels of water consumption, especially of households, in Finland. The study concentrates on the specific household water consumption (SHWC) of various types of housing, housing ownership, metering and billing arrangements. Real estate managers acted as enumerators and collected data from 185 sub-cases in various parts of the country. The study shows that SHWC levels of about 120 l/capita/day, or even less, can be achieved, while maintaining a high standard of service levels. In addition to individual metering, proper management includes introduction of modern water fixtures and in-house piping, raising consumer awareness, and active follow-up. Explanations for declined consumption are quite site- and case specific. Simultaneously, decreasing consumption and the resulting fall in water sales are a challenge to water utilities.
Household water consumption and demand management in Finland
Rajala, Riikka (author) / Katko, Tapio (author)
Urban Water Journal ; 1 ; 17-26
2004-03-01
10 pages
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
Unknown
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