2.5.3 Amplification Factor and Speed-up Ratio -- 2.5.4 Funneling Effect -- 2.6 Design Wind Speeds -- 2.6.1 Exceedance Probability and Return Period -- 2.6.2 Probability Distribution Function -- 2.6.3 Generalized Extreme Value Distribution -- 2.6.4 Extreme Wind Estimation by the Gumbel Distribution -- 2.6.5 Extreme Wind Estimation by the Method of Moments -- 2.6.6 Design Lifespan and Risk -- 2.6.7 Parent Wind Distribution -- 2.7 Directional Preference of High Winds -- 2.8 Case Study: Tsing Ma Bridge Site -- 2.8.1 Anemometers in WASHMS -- 2.8.2 Typhoon Wind Characteristics -- 2.8.3 Monsoon Wind and Joint Probability Density Function -- 2.9 Notations -- References -- 3 Mean Wind Load and Aerostatic Instability -- 3.1 Preview -- 3.2 Mean Wind Load and Force Coefficients -- 3.2.1 Bernoulli's Equation and Wind Pressure -- 3.2.2 Mean Wind Load -- 3.2.3 Wind Force Coefficients -- 3.3 Torsional Divergence -- 3.4 3-D Aerostatic Instability Analysis -- 3.5 Finite Element Modeling of Long-Span Cable-Supported Bridges -- 3.5.1 Theoretical Background -- 3.5.2 Spine Beam Model -- 3.5.3 Multi-Scale Model -- 3.5.4 Modeling of Cables -- 3.6 Mean Wind Response Analysis -- 3.6.1 Determination of Reference Position -- 3.6.2 Mean Wind Response Analysis -- 3.7 Case Study: Stonecutters Bridge -- 3.7.1 Main Features of Stonecutters Bridge -- 3.7.2 Finite Element Modeling of Stonecutters Bridge -- 3.7.3 Aerodynamic Coefficients of Bridge Components -- 3.7.4 Mean Wind Response Analysis -- 3.8 Notations -- References -- 4 Wind-Induced Vibration and Aerodynamic Instability -- 4.1 Preview -- 4.2 Vortex-Induced Vibration -- 4.2.1 Reynolds Number and Vortex Shedding -- 4.2.2 Strouhal Number and Lock-In -- 4.2.3 Vortex-Induced Vibration -- 4.3 Galloping Instability -- 4.3.1 Galloping Mechanism -- 4.3.2 Criterion for Galloping Instability -- 4.3.3 Wake Galloping.

4.4 Flutter Analysis -- 4.4.1 Introduction -- 4.4.2 Self-Excited Forces and Aerodynamic Derivatives -- 4.4.3 Theodorsen Circulatory Function -- 4.4.4 1-D Flutter Analysis -- 4.4.5 2-D Flutter Analysis -- 4.4.6 3-D Flutter Analysis in the Frequency Domain -- 4.4.7 Flutter Analysis in the Time Domain -- 4.5 Buffeting Analysis in the Frequency Domain -- 4.5.1 Background -- 4.5.2 Buffeting Forces and Aerodynamic Admittances -- 4.5.3 3-D Buffeting Analysis in the Frequency Domain -- 4.6 Simulation of Stationary Wind Field -- 4.7 Buffeting Analysis in the Time Domain -- 4.8 Effective Static Loading Distributions -- 4.8.1 Gust Response Factor and Peak Factor -- 4.8.2 Effective Static Loading Distributions -- 4.9 Case Study: Stonecutters Bridge -- 4.9.1 Dynamic and Aerodynamic Characteristics of Stonecutters Bridge -- 4.9.2 Flutter Analysis of Stonecutters Bridge -- 4.9.3 Buffeting Analysis of Stonecutters Bridge -- 4.10 Notations -- References -- 5 Wind-Induced Vibration of Stay Cables -- 5.1 Preview -- 5.2 Fundamentals of Cable Dynamics -- 5.2.1 Vibration of a Taut String -- 5.2.2 Vibration of an Inclined Cable with Sag -- 5.3 Wind-Induced Cable Vibrations -- 5.3.1 Buffeting by Wind Turbulence -- 5.3.2 Vortex-Induced Vibration -- 5.3.3 Galloping of Dry Inclined Cables -- 5.3.4 Wake Galloping for Groups of Cables -- 5.4 Mechanism of Rain-Wind-Induced Cable Vibration -- 5.4.1 Background -- 5.4.2 Analytical Model of SDOF -- 5.4.3 Horizontal Cylinder with Fixed Rivulet -- 5.4.4 Inclined Cylinder with Moving Rivulet -- 5.4.5 Analytical Model of 2DOF -- 5.5 Prediction of Rain-Wind-Induced Cable Vibration -- 5.5.1 Analytical Model for Full-Scale Stay Cables -- 5.5.2 Prediction of Rain-Wind-Induced Vibration of Full-Scale Stay Cable -- 5.5.3 Parameter Studies -- 5.6 Occurrence Probability of Rain-Wind-Induced Cable Vibration.

5.6.1 Joint Probability Density Function (JPDF) of Wind Speed and Direction -- 5.6.2 Probability Density Function of Rainfall Intensity -- 5.6.3 Occurrence Range of Rain-Wind-Induced Cable Vibration -- 5.6.4 Occurrence Probability of Rain-Wind-Induced Cable Vibration -- 5.7 Case Study: Stonecutters Bridge -- 5.7.1 Statistical Analysis of Wind Data -- 5.7.2 Joint Probability Density Function of Wind Speed and Wind Direction -- 5.7.3 Statistical Analysis of Rainfall Data -- 5.7.4 Probability Density Function of Rainfall Intensity -- 5.7.5 Occurrence Range of Rain-Wind-Induced Cable Vibration -- 5.7.6 Hourly Occurrence Probability and Annual Risk -- 5.8 Notations -- References -- 6 Wind-Vehicle-Bridge Interaction -- 6.1 Preview -- 6.2 Wind-Road Vehicle Interaction -- 6.2.1 Wind-Induced Vehicle Accidents -- 6.2.2 Modeling of Road Vehicle -- 6.2.3 Modeling of Road Surface Roughness -- 6.2.4 Aerodynamic Forces and Moments on Road Vehicle -- 6.2.5 Governing Equations of Motion of Road Vehicle -- 6.2.6 Case Study -- 6.2.7 Effects of Road Surface Roughness -- 6.2.8 Effects of Vehicle Suspension System -- 6.2.9 Accident Vehicle Speed -- 6.3 Formulation of Wind-Road Vehicle-Bridge Interaction -- 6.3.1 Equations of Motion of Coupled Road Vehicle-Bridge System -- 6.3.2 Equations of Motion of Coupled Wind-Road Vehicle-Bridge System -- 6.4 Safety Analysis of Road Vehicles on Ting Kau Bridge under Crosswind -- 6.4.1 Ting Kau Bridge -- 6.4.2 Wind Forces on Bridge -- 6.4.3 Scenario for Extreme Case Study -- 6.4.4 Dynamic Response of High-Sided Road Vehicle -- 6.4.5 Accident Vehicle Speed -- 6.4.6 Comparison of Safety of Road Vehicle Running on Bridge and Ground -- 6.5 Formulation of Wind-Railway Vehicle Interaction -- 6.5.1 Modeling of Vehicle Subsystem -- 6.5.2 Modeling of Track Subsystem -- 6.5.3 Wheel and Rail Interaction -- 6.5.4 Rail Irregularity.

6.5.5 Wind Forces on Ground Railway Vehicles -- 6.5.6 Numerical Solution -- 6.6 Safety and Ride Comfort of Ground Railway Vehicle under Crosswind -- 6.6.1 Vehicle and Track Models -- 6.6.2 Wind Forces on Railway Vehicle -- 6.6.3 Rail Irregularity -- 6.6.4 Response of Coupled Vehicle-Track System in Crosswind -- 6.6.5 Safety and Ride Comfort Performance -- 6.7 Wind-Railway Vehicle-Bridge Interaction -- 6.7.1 Formulation of Wind-Railway Vehicle-Bridge Interaction -- 6.7.2 Engineering Approach for Determining Wind Forces on Moving Vehicle -- 6.7.3 Case Study -- 6.8 Notations -- References -- 7 Wind Tunnel Studies -- 7.1 Preview -- 7.2 Boundary Layer Wind Tunnels -- 7.2.1 Open-Circuit Wind Tunnel -- 7.2.2 Closed-Circuit Wind Tunnel -- 7.2.3 Actively Controlled Wind Tunnel -- 7.3 Model Scaling Requirements -- 7.3.1 General Model Scaling Requirements -- 7.3.2 Notes on Model Scaling Requirements -- 7.3.3 Blockage Consideration -- 7.4 Boundary Wind Simulation -- 7.4.1 Natural Growth Method -- 7.4.2 Augmented Method -- 7.4.3 Actively Controlled Grids and Spires -- 7.4.4 Actively Controlled Multiple Fans -- 7.4.5 Topographic Models -- 7.4.6 Instrumentation for Wind Measurement in Wind Tunnel -- 7.5 Section Model Tests -- 7.5.1 Models and Scaling -- 7.5.2 Section Model Tests for Force Coefficients -- 7.5.3 Section Model Tests for Flutter Derivatives and Vortex-Induced Vibration -- 7.5.4 Section Model Tests with Pressure Measurements -- 7.5.5 Section Model Tests for Aerodynamic Admittance -- 7.6 Taut Strip Model Tests -- 7.7 Full Aeroelastic Model Tests -- 7.8 Identification of Flutter Derivatives -- 7.8.1 Free Vibration Test of Section Model -- 7.8.2 Forced Vibration Test of Section Model -- 7.8.3 Free Vibration Test of Taut Strip Model and Full Aeroelastic Model -- 7.9 Identification of Aerodynamic Admittance -- 7.10 Cable Model Tests.

As an in-depth guide to understanding wind effects on cable-supported bridges, this book uses analytical, numerical and experimental methods to give readers a fundamental and practical understanding of the subject matter. It is structured to systemically move from introductory areas through to advanced topics currently being developed from research work. The author concludes with the application of the theory covered to real-world examples, enabling readers to apply their knowledge. The author provides background material, covering areas such as wind climate, cable-supported bridges, wind-induced damage, and the history of bridge wind engineering. Wind characteristics in atmospheric boundary layer, mean wind load and aerostatic instability, wind-induced vibration and aerodynamic instability, and wind tunnel testing are then described as the fundamentals of the subject. State-of-the-art contributions include rain-wind-induced cable vibration, wind-vehicle-bridge interaction, wind-induced vibration control, wind and structural health monitoring, fatigue analysis, reliability analysis, typhoon wind simulation, non-stationary and nonlinear buffeting response. Lastly, the theory is applied to the actual long-span cable-supported bridges. Structured in an easy-to-follow way, covering the topic from the fundamentals right through to the state-of-the-art Describes advanced topics such as wind and structural health monitoring and non-stationary and nonlinear buffeting response Gives a comprehensive description of various methods including CFD simulations of bridge and vehicle loading Uses two projects with which the author has worked extensively, Stonecutters cable-stayed bridge and Tsing Ma suspension bridge, as worked examples, giving readers a practical understanding

Wind Effects on Cable-Supported Bridges -- Contents -- Foreword by Ahsan Kareem -- Foreword by Hai-Fan Xiang -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Wind Storms and Cable-Supported Bridges -- 1.1 Preview -- 1.2 Basic Notions of Meteorology -- 1.2.1 Global Wind Circulations -- 1.2.2 Pressure Gradient Force -- 1.2.3 Coriolis Force -- 1.2.4 Geostrophic Wind -- 1.2.5 Gradient Wind -- 1.2.6 Frictional Effects -- 1.3 Basic Types of Wind Storms -- 1.3.1 Gales from Large Depressions -- 1.3.2 Monsoons -- 1.3.3 Tropical Cyclones (Hurricanes or Typhoons) -- 1.3.4 Thunderstorms -- 1.3.5 Downbursts -- 1.3.6 Tornadoes -- 1.3.7 Downslope Winds -- 1.4 Basic Types of Cable-Supported Bridges -- 1.4.1 Main Features of Cable-Supported Bridges -- 1.4.2 Suspension Bridges -- 1.4.3 Cable-Stayed Bridges -- 1.4.4 Hybrid Cable-Supported Bridges -- 1.5 Wind Damage to Cable-Supported Bridges -- 1.5.1 Suspension Bridges -- 1.5.2 Cable-Stayed Bridges -- 1.5.3 Stay Cables -- 1.5.4 Road Vehicles Running on Bridge -- 1.6 History of Bridge Aerodynamics -- 1.7 Organization of this Book -- 1.8 Notations -- References -- 2 Wind Characteristics in Atmospheric Boundary Layer -- 2.1 Preview -- 2.2 TurbulentWinds in Atmospheric Boundary Layer -- 2.3 Mean Wind Speed Profiles -- 2.3.1 The "Logarithmic Law" -- 2.3.2 The "Power Law" -- 2.3.3 Mean Wind Speed Profile Over Ocean -- 2.3.4 Mean Wind Speed Profile in Tropical Cyclone -- 2.4 Wind Turbulence -- 2.4.1 Standard Deviations -- 2.4.2 Turbulence Intensities -- 2.4.3 Time Scales and Integral Length Scales -- 2.4.4 Probability Density Functions -- 2.4.5 Power Spectral Density Functions -- 2.4.6 Covariance and Correlation -- 2.4.7 Cross-Spectrum and Coherence -- 2.4.8 Gust Wind Speed and Gust Factor -- 2.5 Terrain and Topographic Effects -- 2.5.1 Change of Surface Roughness -- 2.5.2 Amplification of Wind by Hills.