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A site‐specific ecological risk assessment for corn‐associated insecticides
AbstractA site‐specific ecological risk assessment (ERA) was conducted to examine the simultaneous use of genetically modified corn (Bt corn) with a neonicotinoid seed coating, clothianidin, and use of a granular insecticide, tefluthrin, to protect crops from pest damage. A field study was conducted on site, and exposure data from the literature were summarized to determine the matrices and exposure concentrations that nontarget species could typically experience within an agricultural ecosystem. To determine ecological effects on nontarget species, acute toxicity bioassays were conducted on earthworms (Eisenia fetida), amphipods (Hyalella azteca), and Elmid riffle beetle larvae (Ancyronyxspp.) in which the test species were exposed to single insecticides as well as the mixture of the 3 insecticides. In the risk characterization section of the ERA, stressor–response profiles for each species tested were compared with field distributions of the insecticides, and a margin of safety at the 10th percentile (MOS10) was calculated to estimate risk. No acute toxicity was observed in any of the 3 nontarget species after exposure to senescent Bt corn leaf tissue. Large MOS10 values were calculated for clothianidin to the nontarget species. When bioassays were compared with tefluthrin field distributions, very low MOS10 values were calculated for earthworms (0.06) andH. azteca(0.08) because the environmental concentrations often exceeded the stressor–response profile. No increased toxicity was observed when nontarget species were exposed to a mixture of the 3 insecticides. In summary, the genetically modified corn insecticidal proteins and clothianidin were not found at environmental concentrations exceeding benchmark values for ecological effects, but tefluthrin was consistently detected in the environment at levels that could be causing toxicity to nontarget species, especially if this pyrethroid is able to travel off site.Integr Environ Assess Manag2015;11:445–458. © 2015 SETAC
Key PointsWe employed the EPA framework to enhance our review of the use of 3 different insecticides commonly used together in corn production in the US.This is the first environmental risk assessment to evaluate three unique pesticides and mixtures of this type.The 3 insecticides examined in our risk assessment were the genetically modified protein used in corn production, Bt Cry1Ab; the neonicotinoid, clothianidin; and the pyrethroid, tefluthrin.Our findings will assist policy makers and scientists when making decisions on the ecological safety of employing this control method for corn production.
A site‐specific ecological risk assessment for corn‐associated insecticides
AbstractA site‐specific ecological risk assessment (ERA) was conducted to examine the simultaneous use of genetically modified corn (Bt corn) with a neonicotinoid seed coating, clothianidin, and use of a granular insecticide, tefluthrin, to protect crops from pest damage. A field study was conducted on site, and exposure data from the literature were summarized to determine the matrices and exposure concentrations that nontarget species could typically experience within an agricultural ecosystem. To determine ecological effects on nontarget species, acute toxicity bioassays were conducted on earthworms (Eisenia fetida), amphipods (Hyalella azteca), and Elmid riffle beetle larvae (Ancyronyxspp.) in which the test species were exposed to single insecticides as well as the mixture of the 3 insecticides. In the risk characterization section of the ERA, stressor–response profiles for each species tested were compared with field distributions of the insecticides, and a margin of safety at the 10th percentile (MOS10) was calculated to estimate risk. No acute toxicity was observed in any of the 3 nontarget species after exposure to senescent Bt corn leaf tissue. Large MOS10 values were calculated for clothianidin to the nontarget species. When bioassays were compared with tefluthrin field distributions, very low MOS10 values were calculated for earthworms (0.06) andH. azteca(0.08) because the environmental concentrations often exceeded the stressor–response profile. No increased toxicity was observed when nontarget species were exposed to a mixture of the 3 insecticides. In summary, the genetically modified corn insecticidal proteins and clothianidin were not found at environmental concentrations exceeding benchmark values for ecological effects, but tefluthrin was consistently detected in the environment at levels that could be causing toxicity to nontarget species, especially if this pyrethroid is able to travel off site.Integr Environ Assess Manag2015;11:445–458. © 2015 SETAC
Key PointsWe employed the EPA framework to enhance our review of the use of 3 different insecticides commonly used together in corn production in the US.This is the first environmental risk assessment to evaluate three unique pesticides and mixtures of this type.The 3 insecticides examined in our risk assessment were the genetically modified protein used in corn production, Bt Cry1Ab; the neonicotinoid, clothianidin; and the pyrethroid, tefluthrin.Our findings will assist policy makers and scientists when making decisions on the ecological safety of employing this control method for corn production.
A site‐specific ecological risk assessment for corn‐associated insecticides
Integr Envir Assess & Manag
Whiting, Sara A (author) / Lydy, Michael J (author)
Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management ; 11 ; 445-458
2015-07-01
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
A comparative Study of Ecological Risk Index for Site-specific Soil Ecological Risk Assessment
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