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Characteristics of ultrafine particles emitted from 3D‐pens and effect of partition on children's exposure during 3D‐pen operation
A three‐dimensional (3D) printing pen is a popular writing instrument that uses a heated nozzle, and is similar to a 3D‐printer. Processing thermoplastic filaments with a 3D‐pen can emit ultrafine particles (UFPs). 3D‐pen education sessions were held with “∏”‐shaped partitions for the prevention of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19). This study aimed to characterize UFP emissions from two types of 3D‐pens and evaluate the influence of “∏”‐shaped partitions on UFP exposure. Measurements of UFP emission rates and the size distribution of particles emitted from 3D‐pens were conducted in a chamber (2.5 m3). The partition's influence on UFP exposure was evaluated with and without a “∏”‐shaped partition on a desk. A scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an optical particle spectrometer (OPS) were used to measure the particle number concentration (PNC) and size distribution. For both 3D‐pen A and B, the average emission rates were statistically significantly highest for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament (8.4 × 106 [3.4] particles/min and 1.1 × 106 [1.8] particles/min), followed by polylactic acid (PLA) (2.8 × 105 [1.5] particles/min and 4.8 × 104 [1.8] particles/min) and polycaprolactone (PCL) filaments (1.4 × 104 [2.8] particles/min and 2.0 × 104 [2.8] particles/min). For all filaments, particles in the Aitken mode (30–100 nm) accounted for the highest proportion. In 3D‐pen A, PNCs were higher with the partition than without it for ABS (1.2 × 106 [1.15] particles/cm3 vs. 1.4 × 105 [1.29] particles/cm3) and PLA (6.2 × 105 [1.38] particles/cm3 vs. 8.9 × 104 [1.12] particles/cm3), whereas for 3D‐pen B, they were higher with the partition for ABS (9.6 × 105 [1.13] particles/cm3 vs. 4.9 × 105 [1.22] particles/cm3) only. With the partition installed, PNCs decreased to the background level after the operation ended, whereas it took 2–6 min without the partition. However, the mass concentrations of PLA and PCL with 3D‐pen A were not statistically significantly different with respect to the partition status. The use of 3D‐pens with a partition can lead to high UFP exposure. Therefore, guidelines are required for the safe use of 3D‐pens and partitions.
Characteristics of ultrafine particles emitted from 3D‐pens and effect of partition on children's exposure during 3D‐pen operation
A three‐dimensional (3D) printing pen is a popular writing instrument that uses a heated nozzle, and is similar to a 3D‐printer. Processing thermoplastic filaments with a 3D‐pen can emit ultrafine particles (UFPs). 3D‐pen education sessions were held with “∏”‐shaped partitions for the prevention of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19). This study aimed to characterize UFP emissions from two types of 3D‐pens and evaluate the influence of “∏”‐shaped partitions on UFP exposure. Measurements of UFP emission rates and the size distribution of particles emitted from 3D‐pens were conducted in a chamber (2.5 m3). The partition's influence on UFP exposure was evaluated with and without a “∏”‐shaped partition on a desk. A scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an optical particle spectrometer (OPS) were used to measure the particle number concentration (PNC) and size distribution. For both 3D‐pen A and B, the average emission rates were statistically significantly highest for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament (8.4 × 106 [3.4] particles/min and 1.1 × 106 [1.8] particles/min), followed by polylactic acid (PLA) (2.8 × 105 [1.5] particles/min and 4.8 × 104 [1.8] particles/min) and polycaprolactone (PCL) filaments (1.4 × 104 [2.8] particles/min and 2.0 × 104 [2.8] particles/min). For all filaments, particles in the Aitken mode (30–100 nm) accounted for the highest proportion. In 3D‐pen A, PNCs were higher with the partition than without it for ABS (1.2 × 106 [1.15] particles/cm3 vs. 1.4 × 105 [1.29] particles/cm3) and PLA (6.2 × 105 [1.38] particles/cm3 vs. 8.9 × 104 [1.12] particles/cm3), whereas for 3D‐pen B, they were higher with the partition for ABS (9.6 × 105 [1.13] particles/cm3 vs. 4.9 × 105 [1.22] particles/cm3) only. With the partition installed, PNCs decreased to the background level after the operation ended, whereas it took 2–6 min without the partition. However, the mass concentrations of PLA and PCL with 3D‐pen A were not statistically significantly different with respect to the partition status. The use of 3D‐pens with a partition can lead to high UFP exposure. Therefore, guidelines are required for the safe use of 3D‐pens and partitions.
Characteristics of ultrafine particles emitted from 3D‐pens and effect of partition on children's exposure during 3D‐pen operation
Kim, Donghyun (author) / Lee, Kiyoung (author)
Indoor Air ; 32
2022-01-01
11 pages
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
| Elsevier | 2023
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