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Removing Fulvic Acid by Lime Softening
Lime softening was found to remove a significant fraction of a fulvic acid extracted from groundwater. Removal of the fulvic acid was attributed to coprecipitation and involved its adsorption onto calcium carbonate crystals during the early stages of the softening reaction. Favorable conditions for removal included a high pH, an excess of divalent calcium, a minimum amount of carbonate, and finely divided calcium carbonate solids of poor crystallinity. Test results suggest that the softening process can be modified to improve the removal of fulvic acid without compromising the removal of hardness.
Removing Fulvic Acid by Lime Softening
Lime softening was found to remove a significant fraction of a fulvic acid extracted from groundwater. Removal of the fulvic acid was attributed to coprecipitation and involved its adsorption onto calcium carbonate crystals during the early stages of the softening reaction. Favorable conditions for removal included a high pH, an excess of divalent calcium, a minimum amount of carbonate, and finely divided calcium carbonate solids of poor crystallinity. Test results suggest that the softening process can be modified to improve the removal of fulvic acid without compromising the removal of hardness.
Removing Fulvic Acid by Lime Softening
Liao, Marcia Yunmen (author) / Randtke, Stephen J. (author)
Journal ‐ American Water Works Association ; 77 ; 78-88
1985-08-01
11 pages
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
Humic Substances , Organics , Softening , Fulvic Acid , Lime
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