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Blood lead levels and timing of male sexual maturity: A longitudinal study of Russian boys
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5745-3348
Abstract Background Higher blood lead levels (BLLs) have been linked to neurologic deficits and impaired growth, but few studies have evaluated their association with timing of sexual maturity or pubertal progression in boys. Methods In a longitudinal cohort of Russian boys enrolled at age 8–9 and followed to adulthood, BLLs were measured at study entry, and pubertal staging (genitalia and pubic hair) and testicular volume (TV) measurements were obtained annually. We used interval-censored regression models to estimate differences between boys with higher BLL (≥5 μg/dL) and lower BLL in mean ages at sexual maturity (genitalia stage 5, pubic hair stage 5, or TV ≥ 20 mL) and duration of pubertal progression (onset to maturity), adjusting for potential confounders. Mediation analyses were conducted to quantify the percent of lead's effect attributable to its association with reduced somatic growth. Results Among 481 evaluable boys, 28% had BLL ≥ 5 μg/dL. Adjusted mean ages at sexual maturity were 14.7 years for genitalia, 16.1 for pubic hair, and 13.9 for TV. In adjusted models, boys with BLLs ≥5 μg/dL had later maturity than those with lower levels by 4–5 months depending on pubertal indicator. In mediation analyses, height and body mass index at age 11 accounted for 40–71% of the shift in age at maturity for boys with higher compared to lower BLLs. Higher BLLs were not associated with pace of pubertal progression. Conclusions Higher lead levels were associated with later attainment of sexual maturity in males, but not with the duration of pubertal progression. A high proportion of the delay in sexual maturity for boys with higher as compared to lower BLL was shown to be attributable to mediating effects of BLL on reduced growth.
Highlights Higher blood lead has been linked to impaired growth and delayed pubertal onset. Few studies have addressed the effects of blood lead on age at male sexual maturity. We found significant delays in maturity among Russian boys with higher lead levels. This delay was partly due to reduced growth among boys with higher lead levels. Higher blood lead did not appear to slow pubertal progression.
Blood lead levels and timing of male sexual maturity: A longitudinal study of Russian boys
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5745-3348
Abstract Background Higher blood lead levels (BLLs) have been linked to neurologic deficits and impaired growth, but few studies have evaluated their association with timing of sexual maturity or pubertal progression in boys. Methods In a longitudinal cohort of Russian boys enrolled at age 8–9 and followed to adulthood, BLLs were measured at study entry, and pubertal staging (genitalia and pubic hair) and testicular volume (TV) measurements were obtained annually. We used interval-censored regression models to estimate differences between boys with higher BLL (≥5 μg/dL) and lower BLL in mean ages at sexual maturity (genitalia stage 5, pubic hair stage 5, or TV ≥ 20 mL) and duration of pubertal progression (onset to maturity), adjusting for potential confounders. Mediation analyses were conducted to quantify the percent of lead's effect attributable to its association with reduced somatic growth. Results Among 481 evaluable boys, 28% had BLL ≥ 5 μg/dL. Adjusted mean ages at sexual maturity were 14.7 years for genitalia, 16.1 for pubic hair, and 13.9 for TV. In adjusted models, boys with BLLs ≥5 μg/dL had later maturity than those with lower levels by 4–5 months depending on pubertal indicator. In mediation analyses, height and body mass index at age 11 accounted for 40–71% of the shift in age at maturity for boys with higher compared to lower BLLs. Higher BLLs were not associated with pace of pubertal progression. Conclusions Higher lead levels were associated with later attainment of sexual maturity in males, but not with the duration of pubertal progression. A high proportion of the delay in sexual maturity for boys with higher as compared to lower BLL was shown to be attributable to mediating effects of BLL on reduced growth.
Highlights Higher blood lead has been linked to impaired growth and delayed pubertal onset. Few studies have addressed the effects of blood lead on age at male sexual maturity. We found significant delays in maturity among Russian boys with higher lead levels. This delay was partly due to reduced growth among boys with higher lead levels. Higher blood lead did not appear to slow pubertal progression.
Blood lead levels and timing of male sexual maturity: A longitudinal study of Russian boys
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5745-3348
Abstract Background Higher blood lead levels (BLLs) have been linked to neurologic deficits and impaired growth, but few studies have evaluated their association with timing of sexual maturity or pubertal progression in boys. Methods In a longitudinal cohort of Russian boys enrolled at age 8–9 and followed to adulthood, BLLs were measured at study entry, and pubertal staging (genitalia and pubic hair) and testicular volume (TV) measurements were obtained annually. We used interval-censored regression models to estimate differences between boys with higher BLL (≥5 μg/dL) and lower BLL in mean ages at sexual maturity (genitalia stage 5, pubic hair stage 5, or TV ≥ 20 mL) and duration of pubertal progression (onset to maturity), adjusting for potential confounders. Mediation analyses were conducted to quantify the percent of lead's effect attributable to its association with reduced somatic growth. Results Among 481 evaluable boys, 28% had BLL ≥ 5 μg/dL. Adjusted mean ages at sexual maturity were 14.7 years for genitalia, 16.1 for pubic hair, and 13.9 for TV. In adjusted models, boys with BLLs ≥5 μg/dL had later maturity than those with lower levels by 4–5 months depending on pubertal indicator. In mediation analyses, height and body mass index at age 11 accounted for 40–71% of the shift in age at maturity for boys with higher compared to lower BLLs. Higher BLLs were not associated with pace of pubertal progression. Conclusions Higher lead levels were associated with later attainment of sexual maturity in males, but not with the duration of pubertal progression. A high proportion of the delay in sexual maturity for boys with higher as compared to lower BLL was shown to be attributable to mediating effects of BLL on reduced growth.
Highlights Higher blood lead has been linked to impaired growth and delayed pubertal onset. Few studies have addressed the effects of blood lead on age at male sexual maturity. We found significant delays in maturity among Russian boys with higher lead levels. This delay was partly due to reduced growth among boys with higher lead levels. Higher blood lead did not appear to slow pubertal progression.
Blood lead levels and timing of male sexual maturity: A longitudinal study of Russian boys
Williams, Paige L. (author) / Bellavia, Andrea (author) / Korrick, Susan A. (author) / Burns, Jane S. (author) / Lee, Mary M. (author) / Sergeyev, Oleg (author) / Hauser, Russ (author)
Environmental International ; 125 ; 470-477
2019-01-28
8 pages
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
BLL , blood lead level , BMI , body mass index , G2 , genitalia stage 2 (onset of puberty according to genitalia) , G5 , genitalia stage 5 (sexual maturity according to genitalia) , HPG , hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal , IGF-1 , insulin-like growth factor 1 , IQR , interquartile range , LOD , limit of detection , P2 , pubic hair stage 2 (onset of puberty according to pubic hair) , P5 , pubic hair stage 5 (sexual maturity according to pubic hair) , TV , testicular volume , WHO , World Health Organization , Puberty , Growth , Sexual maturity , Blood lead , Endocrine disruptors , Interval-censoring , Mediation analysis , Pubertal progression
Blood lead levels and timing of male sexual maturity: A longitudinal study of Russian boys
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