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Chemical equilibria in split‐treatment softening of water
Split‐treatment softening is more cost effective than conventional treatment with certain types of water. This paper develops the equilibria relationships for solving split‐treatment softening problems, in order to understand how desired effluent quality parameters and operating variables affect chemical requirements. Solution sets are presented for treatment with lime only and with lime and soda; effluent hardness and pH, effluent alkalinity and pH, or lime dose and bypass fraction are considered decision parameters. The methodology is applied to several raw water examples, and the results are presented graphically. Various modes of split‐treatment operation can effect a range of effluent quality characteristics. Minimal or optimal values are indicated for selection of process variables with respect to chemical costs.
Chemical equilibria in split‐treatment softening of water
Split‐treatment softening is more cost effective than conventional treatment with certain types of water. This paper develops the equilibria relationships for solving split‐treatment softening problems, in order to understand how desired effluent quality parameters and operating variables affect chemical requirements. Solution sets are presented for treatment with lime only and with lime and soda; effluent hardness and pH, effluent alkalinity and pH, or lime dose and bypass fraction are considered decision parameters. The methodology is applied to several raw water examples, and the results are presented graphically. Various modes of split‐treatment operation can effect a range of effluent quality characteristics. Minimal or optimal values are indicated for selection of process variables with respect to chemical costs.
Chemical equilibria in split‐treatment softening of water
Zipf, Karl A. Jr. (author) / Luthy, Richard G. (author)
Journal ‐ American Water Works Association ; 73 ; 304-311
1981-06-01
8 pages
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
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